Jammed Emulsion Toothpaste Compositions

ABSTRACT

Jammed oil-in-water emulsion toothpaste compositions. Opaque jammed oil-in-water emulsion toothpaste compositions without an opacifier and/or abrasive. Toothpaste compositions including jammed oil-in-water emulsion wherein the opacity can be modified through physical manipulation. Toothpaste compositions comprising jammed oil-in-water emulsion wherein the toothpaste composition is opaque without a solid opacifier.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to toothpaste compositions comprisingjammed emulsion, such as jammed oil-in-water emulsion. The presentinvention also relates to opaque toothpaste compositions comprisingjammed oil-in-water emulsion without an opacifier. The present inventionfurther relates to toothpaste compositions comprising jammedoil-in-water emulsion wherein the toothpaste composition is opaque evenwithout a solid opacifier.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Typically, toothpaste compositions are formulated as a single-phaseaqueous chassis or a single-phase non-aqueous chassis. In many cases,ingredients are added to toothpaste compositions that can result intoothpaste with an unappealing cloudy appearance, which is neithercompletely translucent nor completely opaque. Thus, opacifiers, such astitanium dioxide, and/or insoluble abrasives are added to theformulation to make the paste a consistent opaque and/or white inappearance. However, many consumers desire a simpler toothpastecomposition with a smaller number of ingredients. Additionally, theintroduction of additional ingredients can lead to formulationinstability if the added ingredients interact with other toothpastecomponents.

Thus, there is a need for a toothpaste composition with a suitableopacity without having to introduce opacifiers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein is an opaque jammed oil-in-water toothpaste compositioncomprising: (a) aqueous phase; (b) hydrophobic phase; and (c)emulsifier.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the peroxide release rate of Example I-A and Example I-B.

FIG. 2 shows a photograph of Hydrophobic Phase and Aqueous Phase fromTABLE 8, and Examples II-C, II-D and II-F.

FIG. 3A shows a photograph of a nurdle of Example II-C dispensed on atoothbrush.

FIG. 3B shows a photograph of a nurdle of Example II-D dispensed on atoothbrush.

FIG. 3C shows a photograph of a nurdle of Example II-F dispensed on atoothbrush.

FIG. 3D shows a photograph of a nurdle of Example II-F dispensed on atoothbrush.

FIG. 4 shows a photograph of a nurdle of Example I-A dispensed onto atoothbrush.

FIG. 5 shows the fluoride release rate of Example II-E, Example II-I,and Comparative Composition I-C.

FIG. 6A shows a microscope image of Example I-A.

FIG. 6B shows a microscope image of Example II-C.

FIG. 6C shows a microscope image of Example II-D.

FIG. 6D shows a microscope image of Example II-F.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Typically, toothpaste compositions are formulated as a single-phaseaqueous chassis or a single-phase non-aqueous chassis further combinedwith abrasives and flavors. In many cases, ingredients are added totoothpaste compositions that can result in toothpaste with anunappealing cloudy appearance - neither completely translucent norcompletely opaque.

In some cases, opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide are added to makethe paste a) opaque in appearance, or b) bright or white in appearance.Unexpectedly, the toothpaste composition comprising jammed oil-in-wateremulsion can provide a) an opaque appearance, or b) bright or whiteappearance without the addition of opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide,even when the aqueous phase and/or the hydrophobic phase are not opaque.

Opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide, can be added to the formulation tomake the toothpaste opaque in appearance. Unexpectedly, the toothpastecomposition comprising jammed oil-in-water emulsion can provide anopaque appearance without the addition of opacifiers even when theaqueous phase and/or the hydrophobic phase are not opaque.

Definitions

The term “oral care composition”, as used herein, includes a product,which in the ordinary course of usage, is not intentionally swallowedfor purposes of systemic administration of particular therapeuticagents, but is rather retained in the oral cavity for a time sufficientto contact dental surfaces or oral tissues. Examples of oral carecompositions include dentifrice, toothpaste, tooth gel, subgingival gel,mouth rinse, mousse, foam, mouth spray, lozenge, chewable tablet,chewing gum, tooth whitening strips, floss and floss coatings, breathfreshening dissolvable strips, denture care or adhesive product,unit-dose composition, and/or fibrous composition. The oral carecomposition may also be incorporated onto strips or films for directapplication or attachment to oral surfaces.

The term “dentifrice composition”, as used herein, includes tooth orsubgingival -paste, gel, or liquid formulations unless otherwisespecified. The dentifrice composition may be a single-phase compositionor may be a combination of two or more separate dentifrice compositions.The dentifrice composition may be in any desired form, such as deepstriped, surface striped, multilayered, having a gel surrounding apaste, or any combination thereof. Each dentifrice composition in adentifrice comprising two or more separate dentifrice compositions maybe contained in a physically separated compartment of a dispenser orsingle compartment of a dispenser and dispensed side-by-side.

The term “toothpaste composition” as used herein means awater-dispersible composition that is designed to treat surfaces of theoral cavity, such as through the release of oral care agents. Suitabletoothpaste compositions can be applied or used using a brush withbristles and can be rinsed from the brush. Additionally, toothpastecompositions can include compositions that are brushed onto teeth andthe excess may be spit out but not rinsed out of the mouth.

The term “immiscible” or “insoluble” as used herein means less than 1part by weight of the substance dissolves in 100 parts by weight of asecond substance.

The term “solubility” as used herein is the maximum number of parts byweight of the substance that can dissolve in 100 parts by weight of asecond substance.

The term “phase” as used herein means a physically distinct region orregions, which may be continuous or discontinuous, having one or moreproperties that are different from another phase. Non-limiting examplesof properties that may be different between phases include composition,viscosity, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, visualcharacteristics, and miscibility. Examples of phases include solids,semisolids, liquids, and gases.

The term “multi-phase oral care composition” as used herein comprises amixture of two or more phases that are immiscible with each other, forexample water-in-oil, oil-in-water emulsions, or mixtures thereof. Thephases may be continuous, discontinuous, or combinations thereof. Themulti-phase oral care composition or a phase of the multi-phase oralcare composition may be solid, liquid, semisolid, or combinationsthereof. In preferred aspects the multi-phase oral care composition issemisolid. Examples of multi-phase oral care compositions also includecompositions where the phases are multi-continuous includingbi-continuous, layered, striped, marbled, ribbons, swirled, andcombinations thereof. Examples of multi-phase oral care compositionsalso include compositions where the phases are tessellated or tiled.

The term “emulsion” as used herein is an example of a toothpastecomposition wherein: 1) at least one of the phases is discontinuous and2) at least one of the phases is continuous. Examples of emulsionsinclude droplets of oil dispersed in water. In this example, the waterand oil would be mutually immiscible with each other, oil would be thediscontinuous phase, and the water would be the continuous phase.

The term “macro-emulsion” as used herein is an example of an emulsionwherein at least one of the discontinuous phases is visible under amicroscope using light with one or more wavelengths from 400 nm to 700nm. Examples of macro-emulsions include those in which the Dv 50equivalent-diameter, D[4,3] equivalent-diameter, or D[3,2]equivalent-diameter of the regions of at least one of the discontinuousphases is larger than the wavelength of light being used, for instancelarger than 0.4, or 0.7 micron.

The term “micro-emulsion” as used herein is an example of an emulsionwherein the discontinuous phases is not visible under a microscope usinglight with one or more wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm. Examples ofmicro-emulsions include those in which the regions of the discontinuousphases are smaller than the wavelength of light being used, for instancesmaller than 0.4, or 0.7 micron.

The term “oil-in-water emulsion” as used herein is an example of anemulsion wherein 1) the continuous phase is aqueous or hydrophilic, and2) the discontinuous phase is hydrophobic.

The term “water-in-oil emulsion” as used herein is an example of anemulsion wherein 1) the continuous phase is hydrophobic, and 2) thediscontinuous phase is aqueous or hydrophilic.

The term “high internal phase emulsion” as used herein is an example ofan emulsion wherein the discontinuous phase comprises more than about74% by weight or volume of the toothpaste composition. High internalphase emulsions may be oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions,or mixtures thereof.

The term, “jammed emulsion” as used herein, is a high internal phaseemulsion 1) wherein the high internal phase emulsion exhibits no morethan 5% macroscopic separation after 48 hours at 23° C. measuredaccording to the method specified herein, and/or 2) wherein separateregions of discontinuous phase influence the shape of one another.Examples of jammed emulsions may include high internal phase emulsionsin which adjacent or neighboring regions of discontinuous phaseinfluence the shape of one another.

The term “jamming concentration” of a high internal phase emulsion asused herein is the minimum concentration of the discontinuous phaseabove which the high internal phase emulsion 1) exhibits no more than 5%macroscopic separation after 48 hours at 23° C. measured according tothe method specified herein, and/or 2) wherein separate regions ofdiscontinuous phase influence the shape of one another.

The term “jam” or “jamming” of a high internal phase emulsion as usedherein is the phenomenon where the high internal phase emulsiontransitions to one that 1) exhibits no more than 5% macroscopicseparation after 48 hours at 23° C. measured according to the methodspecified herein and/or 2) wherein separate regions of discontinuousphase influence the shape of one another.

The term “solid” as used herein is a material that, at roomtemperature, 1) has defined dimensions even when it is not constrainedin a container, or 2) maintains its original shape when it is picked upoff a surface and subsequently placed back on the surface.

The term “liquid” as used herein is a material that, at roomtemperature, 1) flows under gravity, or 2) takes the shape of thecontainer it is placed in. Examples of liquids include mineral oil,water, and silicone oil. When a liquid is poured into a container, theexposed surface (the surface that is not in contact with the walls ofthe container) of liquids may become horizontal and flat due to gravity.Liquids may have a freezing point, melting point or drop melting pointas measured according to ASTM method D127 or a congealing point asmeasured according to ASTM method D938 or a pour point as measuredaccording to ASTM D97 less than about 0 C, less than about 23° C., orless than about 40° C. Liquids may have a kinematic viscosity measuredaccording to ASTM D445 at 40° C. less than about 10,000 cSt, less thanabout 1000 cSt, or less than about 100 cSt.

The term “semisolid” as used herein is a material that, at roomtemperature, 1) has some solid-like properties and some liquid-likeproperties, or 2) whose ability to meet the above definition of a solidor liquid may depend on the amount of material being evaluated; forexample, a small amount of petrolatum placed in a large container maynot flow under gravity, and it may not take the shape of the container(thus not meeting the definition of a liquid); but a large amount ofpetrolatum placed in an large container may flow under gravity, or itmay take the shape of the container (thus meeting the definition of aliquid). Examples of semisolids include petrolatum, toothpaste, siliconegels, butter, creams, ointments, and jammed emulsions.

The term “lotion” as used herein is a preparation intended forapplication on the body, surfaces of the oral cavity, or mucosalsurfaces. Examples of lotions include hand lotions, skin care lotions,body lotions, suntan lotions, and jammed emulsions.

The term “aqueous phase” as used herein is a phase that comprises water,optionally at least one oral care active agent, and is immiscible withthe hydrophobic phase.

The term “hydrophobic phase” as used herein means all components of thecomposition that are immiscible with the aqueous phase.

The term “equivalent-diameter” of a region or droplet as used hereinmeans the diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the region ordroplet.

The term “Dv 50 equivalent-diameter” as used herein is theequivalent-diameter in microns at which 50% of the regions ofhydrophobic phase or droplets of aqueous phase are smaller and 50% arelarger. The v in the term Dv 50 shows that this refers to the volumedistribution. The Dv 50 equivalent-diameter of regions of hydrophobicphase of a multi-phase oral care composition is measured according tothe method specified herein.

The term “D[4,3] equivalent-diameter” as used herein is thevolume-weighted-mean equivalent-diameter in microns of the regions ofhydrophobic phase or droplets of aqueous phase. The D[4,3]equivalent-diameter of regions of hydrophobic phase of a multi-phaseoral care composition is measured according to the method specifiedherein.

The term “D[3,2] equivalent-diameter” as used herein is thesurface-weighted-mean equivalent-diameter in microns of the regions ofhydrophobic phase or droplets of aqueous phase. The D[3,2]equivalent-diameter of regions of hydrophobic phase of a multi-phaseoral care composition is measured according to the method specifiedherein.

The term “cone penetration consistency value” as used herein means thedepth, in tenths of a millimeter, that a standard cone will penetratethe sample under fixed conditions of mass, time, and temperature. Thecone penetration consistency value is measured according to ASTM methodD937.

The term “yield stress” as used herein means the critical shear stressat which the material begins to flow as a liquid.

The term “rinseable” as used herein means the material can be rinsedfrom a surface using water at a certain temperature in a certain periodof time. Examples of rinseable materials generally include honey, milk,and compositions comprising oil-in-water emulsions such as Example I andExample II below.

The term “dispersible” as used herein means the material can bedispersed in water at 23° C. ± 2° C. The water-dispersibility of thematerial is measured according to the method specified herein. Examplesof water-dispersible materials generally include compositions comprisingoil-in-water emulsions such as Examples I and Example II below.

The term “macroscopic separation” as used herein is a phenomenon inwhich at least a portion of one or more components or one or more phasesof a composition separates out of the composition. The macroscopicseparation is measured according to the method specified herein. Thelack of macroscopic separation is a measure of the physical stability ofa composition.

The term “opacifier” as used herein is a solid particulate material thatis opaque and is generally used to increase the opacity of acomposition. Examples of opacifiers include titanium dioxide powder andzinc oxide powder.

The term “heterogenous dispersion” as used herein is a heterogenouscombination of two or more substances Examples of heterogenousdispersions include emulsions such as oil-in-water emulsions, and jammedemulsions. Heterogenous dispersions do not include homogenousdispersions (such as solutions where a solute is uniformly dissolved ina solvent).

The term “petrolatum” as used herein means a semisolid mixture ofhydrocarbons. Petrolatum may have a cone penetration consistency valueas measured according ASTM method D937 from about 10 to about 500,preferably from about 25 to about 300, more preferred from about 50 toabout 250, or more preferred from about 100 to about 200. Petrolatum mayhave a melting point or drop melting point as measured according to ASTMmethod D127 or a congealing point as measured according to ASTM methodD938 from about from about 40° C. to about 120° C., preferably fromabout 50° C. to about 100° C., more preferred from about 50° to about90° C., or more preferred from about 60° C. to about 80° C.

The term “mineral oil” as used herein means a liquid mixture ofhydrocarbons. Mineral oil may have a cone penetration consistency valueas measured according ASTM method D937 more than about 600, preferablymore than about 500, or more preferred more than about 400. Mineral oilmay have a freezing point, melting point or drop melting point asmeasured according to ASTM method D127 or a congealing point as measuredaccording to ASTM method D938 or a pour point as measured according toASTM D97 less than about 0° C., less than about 23° C., or less thanabout 40° C. Mineral oil may have a kinematic viscosity measuredaccording to ASTM D445 at 40° C. less than about 10,000 cSt, less thanabout 1000 cSt, or less than about 100 cSt.

The term “HLB” of an emulsifier is an expression of itsHydrophile-Lipophile Balance, i.e. the balance of the size and strengthof the hydrophilic (water-loving or polar) and the lipophilic (oilloving or non-polar) groups of the emulsifier. The HLB values arequantified as follows:

-   A. For non-ionic emulsifiers (except those containing propylene    oxide, butylene oxide, nitrogen, or sulfur) HLB values are    calculated according to the procedure specified in “The HLB system -    a time-saving guide to emulsifier selection”, from ICI Americas,    Wilmington Delaware 19897, which is herein incorporated in its    entirety by reference, including the various emulsifiers and blends    of multiple emulsifiers listed in it along with their HLB values.-   B. For ionic emulsifiers HLB values are calculated according to the    procedure specified in 1) “A quantitative kinetic theory of emulsion    type I, physical chemistry of the emulsifying agent” by J.T. Davies    J.H. Schulman (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress    on Surface Activity, Academic Press, New York (1957), 2) Davies,    J.T. (1959) Proc. Int. Congr. Surf. Act., 1, 426, and/or 3) Davies,    J.T. and Rideal, E.K. (1961) Interfacial Phenomena.

For all other emulsifiers and those whose HLB values cannot becalculated according to either of the above two procedures, HLB valuesare measured experimentally according to the experimental procedurespecified in “The HLB system - a time-saving guide to emulsifierselection”, from ICI Americas, Wilmington Delaware 19897.

“Active and other ingredients” useful herein may be categorized ordescribed herein by their cosmetic and/or therapeutic benefit or theirpostulated mode of action or function. However, it is to be understoodthat the active and other ingredients useful herein can, in someinstances, provide more than one cosmetic and/or therapeutic benefit orfunction or operate via more than one mode of action. Therefore,classifications herein are made for the sake of convenience and are notintended to limit an ingredient to the particularly stated function(s)or activities listed.

The term “teeth”, as used herein, refers to natural teeth as well asartificial teeth or dental prosthesis and is construed to comprise onetooth or multiple teeth. The term “tooth surface” as used herein, refersto natural tooth surface(s) as well as artificial tooth surface(s) ordental prosthesis surface(s) accordingly.

As used herein, the word “or” when used as a connector of two or moreelements is meant to include the elements individually and incombination; for example X or Y, means X or Y or both.

“Array” means a display of packages comprising oral care compositionscomprising varying amounts and identities of actives, such as anticariesdrugs. The packages may have the same brand and/or sub-brand and/or thesame trademark registration and/or having been manufactured by or for acommon manufacturer and the packages may be available at a common pointof sale (e.g. oriented in proximity to each other in a given area of aretail store or organized together on the same website). An array ismarketed as a line-up of products normally having like packagingelements (e.g., packaging material type, film, paper, dominant color,design theme, etc.) that convey to consumers that the differentindividual packages are part of a larger line-up. Arrays often have thesame brand, for example, “Crest,” and same sub-brand, for example,“Pro-Health.” A different product in the array may have the same brand“Crest” and, optionally a different sub-brand “3D White.” Thedifferences between the “Pro-Health” product of the array and the “3DWhite” product in the array may include product form, differentanticaries drug, different amounts of the anticaries drug, or otherdifferences in other active or inactive ingredients. Arrays also oftenhave the same trademarks, including trademarks of the brand, sub-brand,and/or features and/or benefits across the line-up. “On-line Array”means an “Array” distributed by a common on-line source.

While compositions and methods are described herein in terms of“comprising” various components or steps, the compositions and methodscan also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various componentsor steps, unless stated otherwise.

The term “substantially free” as used herein refers to the presence ofno more than 0.05%, preferably no more than 0.01%, and more preferablyno more than 0.001%, of an indicated material in a composition, by totalweight of such composition.

The term “essentially free” as used herein means that the indicatedmaterial is not deliberately added to the composition, or preferably notpresent at analytically detectable levels. It is meant to includecompositions whereby the indicated material is present only as animpurity of one of the other materials deliberately added.

All measurements referred to herein are made at about 23° C. (i.e. roomtemperature) unless otherwise specified.

The toothpaste composition, as described herein, comprises oral careactive agent, such as fluoride, peroxide, and/or metal, delivered from ajammed-oil-in-water emulsion, as described herein. Additionally, thetoothpaste composition can comprise other optional ingredients, asdescribed below. The section headers below are provided for convenienceonly. In some cases, a compound can fall within one or more sections.For example, stannous fluoride can be a tin compound and/or a fluoridecompound.

Jammed Emulsions

The toothpaste comprises a high internal phase emulsion, jammedwater-in-oil emulsion, or jammed oil-in-water emulsion, such as thejammed oil-in-water emulsions that are described in U.S. Pat. No.10,780,032, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Traditional oil-in-water emulsions are multi-phase compositions with adiscontinuous hydrophobic phase and a continuous aqueous phase.Traditional oil-in-water emulsions can be prepared by combining aminority hydrophobic phase with a majority aqueous phase. Traditionaloil-in-water emulsions are discontinuous droplets of hydrophobic phasesuspended and/or stabilized within a continuous aqueous phase. As thehydrophobic and aqueous phases are immiscible, generally only a smallportion of the hydrophobic phase can be stabilized within the aqueousphase before macroscopic separation occurs.

A high internal phase emulsion can be either oil-in-water orwater-in-oil emulsion, wherein there is a high amount of the internal,discontinuous phase, by volume or weight of the multi-phase composition,relative to a traditional emulsion. A high internal phase emulsion canhave more of the internal, discontinuous phase, by volume or weight ofthe total multi-phase composition than the external, continuous phase,by volume or weight of the multi-phase composition. However, thestability of high internal phase emulsions can prove challenging. Highinternal phase emulsions can suffer from macroscopic separation uponmixing or during storage of the high internal phase emulsions prior touse by a consumer.

As described herein, a jammed emulsion may be an unexpectedly stablehigh internal phase emulsion. As the concentration of the discontinuousphase of a high internal phase emulsion is increased, regions ofdiscontinuous phase can become sufficiently crowded, such that they canjam against each other with a region of continuous phase between themand deform each other with a region of continuous phase between them. Ifboth the continuous phase and discontinuous phase are liquids, theemulsion can transition into an at least partially semisolid structureonce the jamming transition occurs.

Examples of jammed emulsions include those in which, under amicroscope, 1) regions of discontinuous phase are or resemblepolyhedrons or polygons, with or without rounded corners, with visiblejamming between regions of discontinuous phase, with continuous phasesandwiched between regions of discontinuous phase, 2) regions ofdiscontinuous phase are or resemble non-spherical shapes, with visiblejamming between regions of discontinuous phase, with continuous phasesandwiched between regions of discontinuous phase, 3) regions ofdiscontinuous phase are in a tessellated or tiled pattern or resembleone, with continuous phase sandwiched between regions of discontinuousphase, or 4) regions of discontinuous phase are in a pattern thatresemble a Voronoi diagram with continuous phase sandwiched betweenregions of discontinuous phase.

The jammed emulsion, as described herein, can be prepared by theportion-wise addition or gradual addition or slow addition of thediscontinuous phase to the continuous phase with adequate energy ofmixing. Simply combining the entire discontinuous phase to thecontinuous phase will not necessarily result in jammed emulsion.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the ratio of the rate of additionof the discontinuous phase to the energy of mixing may be a factor tohelp form a jammed emulsion. For example, hypothetically, a slow rate ofaddition combined with inadequate energy of mixing may not favor theformation of a jammed emulsion. In contrast, hypothetically, even afaster rate of addition combined with an adequate energy of mixing mayfavor the formation of a jammed emulsion.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that adding theentire discontinuous phase to the continuous phase, macroscopicseparation will be more likely to occur. Instead, by slowly adding(either by portion-wise addition or a slow and/or steady continuousaddition), the molecules of the discontinuous phase can associate intodiscrete regions instead of separating macroscopically. As theconcentration of the discontinuous phase reaches the jammingconcentration, a jamming transition can occur where separate regions ofthe discontinuous phase can influence the shapes of one another (forexample neighboring or adjacent regions of discontinuous phase), whichcan contribute to the unexpected stability of jammed emulsions. Incertain aspects of jammed emulsions, 1) separate regions of thediscontinuous phase can influence the shape of one another (for exampleneighboring or adjacent regions of discontinuous phase), which can leadto a transition from substantially spherical discontinuous regions to atleast partially polyhedral discontinuous regions at the jammingconcentration, or 2) the emulsion can exhibit a Yield Stress orBrookfield Viscosity greater than that of the constituent aqueous phaseand/or the hydrophobic phase measured according to the methods specifiedherein at 23° C.

The toothpaste composition, as described herein, comprises a jammedemulsion, such as a jammed oil-in-water emulsion. The jammedoil-in-water emulsion comprises discontinuous hydrophobic phase,continuous aqueous phase, and/or oral care active agent.

Aqueous Phase

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion comprises aqueous phase. The jammedoil-in-water emulsion can comprise minority aqueous phase. The aqueousphase can be at least partially continuous, essentially continuous, orcontinuous.

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion can comprise from about 0.01% to about75%, from about 0.01% to about 25%, from about 1% to about 20%, fromabout 2.5% to about 20 %, from about 1% to about 20%, or from about 5%to about 15%, by weight or volume of the jammed oil-in-water emulsion,of the aqueous phase.

The aqueous phase may also include other water-soluble solvents, such asfor example, polyalkylene glycols with molecular weights from about 200to about 20,000 , humectants, or combinations thereof. Suitablehumectants generally include edible polyhydric alcohols such asglycerin, sorbitol, xylitol, butylene glycol, and propylene glycol, andmixtures thereof. The aqueous phase may comprise at least about 10%, atleast about 20%, or at least about 30%, of water, by weight or volume ofthe aqueous phase.

The aqueous phase can be in a minority proportion relative to theaqueous phase present in the toothpaste composition. As used herein“minority proportion” means that the percent by weight or volume of theaqueous phase of the toothpaste composition is less than the percent byweight or volume of the hydrophobic phase of the toothpaste composition.

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion may comprise an aqueous solution of ableaching agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, optionally includingemulsifier.

Hydrophobic Phase

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion comprises hydrophobic phase. The jammedoil-in-water emulsion can comprise majority hydrophobic phase. Thehydrophobic phase is at least partially discontinuous, essentiallydiscontinuous, or preferably discontinuous.

The toothpaste composition comprises a safe and effective amount of ahydrophobic phase. The toothpaste composition can comprise at leastabout 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%,from about 75% to about 99%, from about 10% to about 99%, from about 25%to about 95%, from about 80% to about 99%, greater than about 80%,greater than about 90%, or from about 85% to about 95%, by weight orvolume of the jammed oil-in-water emulsion, of the hydrophobic phase.

The density of the hydrophobic phase used in the toothpaste composition,as described herein, may be in the range of from about 0.8 g/cm³ toabout 1.0 g/cm³, from about 0.85 g/cm³ to about 0.95 g/cm³, or about 0.9g/cm³, or any other numerical range, which is narrower, and which fallswithin such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numericalranges were all expressly written herein.

While not wishing to being bound by theory, it is believed when thehydrophobic phase is appropriately selected based on its refractiveindex, suitably sized droplets or regions of hydrophobic phase canreflect visible light and the composition becomes opaque in appearance -surprisingly even without solid particulate opacifiers, such as titaniumdioxide. Accordingly, the refractive index of the hydrophobic phase oraqueous phase used in the toothpaste composition, as described herein,may be in the range of from about 1 to about 2, preferably from about1.1 to about 1.6, more preferably from about 1.2 to about 1.5, and mostpreferably from about 1.3 to about 1.5.

The hydrophobic phase can comprise a hydrophobic liquid. The hydrophobicphase can comprise an oil, such as edible oil, natural oil, or syntheticoil. The hydrophobic phase can comprise non-toxic edible oils, aliphatichydrocarbons, fatty esters, and combinations thereof.

The hydrophobic phase can comprise unsaturated or saturated fattyalcohols, unsaturated or preferably saturated triglycerides, unsaturatedor saturated fatty acids, or combinations thereof. The hydrophobic phasecan comprise saturated long chain (greater than 12 carbon atoms inaliphatic chain) triglycerides, saturated short chain (less than 6carbon atoms in aliphatic chain) triglycerides, saturated medium chain(6 to 12 carbon atoms in aliphatic chain) triglycerides, or combinationsthereof. The hydrophobic phase can comprise saturated long chain fattyacids or alcohols, saturated short chain fatty acids or alcohols,saturated medium chain fatty acids or alcohols, or combinations thereof.Saturated triglycerides, saturated fatty acids, and saturated fattyalcohols may be artificially hydrogenated or naturally saturated.Examples of naturally saturated medium chain triglycerides includefractionated coconut oil, fractionated palm oil, and/or triglycerides ofsaturated medium chain fatty acids. Examples of naturally saturatedmedium chain fatty acids include caproic acid (6 carbons in aliphaticchain), caprylic acid (8 carbons in aliphatic chain), capric acid (10carbons in aliphatic chain), and/or lauric acid (12 carbons in aliphaticchain).

While not wishing to being bound by theory, it is believed thatsaturated compounds are preferred (vs. unsaturated compounds) as alkenefunctional groups may be more reactive to certain ingredients intoothpaste compositions, such as fluoride and/or peroxide.

Compound I shows an example of a medium-chain triglyceride, containingthree medium chain fatty acids (two caprylic acids and one capric acid)

The hydrophobic phase may comprise fractionated coconut oil,fractionated palm oil, and/or combinations thereof.

Coconut oil can comprise the following esters listed in TABLE A.

TABLE A Esters commonly found in Coconut Oil Ester of: % Caprylic acid(C8) Saturated 7 Capric acid (C10) Saturated 8 Lauric acid (C12)Saturated 48 Myristic acid (C14) Saturated 16 Palmitic acid (C16)Saturated 9.5 Oleic acid (C18:1) Monounsaturated 6.5 OtherPolyunsaturated 5

Accordingly, coconut oil can comprise caprylic acid, capric acid, lauricacid, myrstic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and/or combinations.

Fractionated coconut oil can include coconut oil where certain longchain triglycerides have been removed through a variety of techniqueswell known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, such as lauricacid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, other monounsaturatedesters, other polyunsaturated esters, and/or combinations thereof.

Certain suppliers of fractionated coconut oil, such asbulkapothecary.com exclude lauric acid (C12), stating “...fractionatedcoconut oil has the long chain triglycerides like lauric acid removedretaining the capric and caprylic acids.”.

However, while certain suppliers of fractionated coconut oil, such asbulkapothecary.com, exclude lauric acid, it is believed thattriglyceride esters of lauric acid are not always considered a longchain triglyceride.

Medium chain triglycerides found in coconut oil can include triglycerideesters of acid molecules including from about 6 carbon atoms to about 14carbon atoms, from about 6 carbon atoms to about 12 carbon atoms, fromabout 8 carbon atoms to about 12 carbon atoms, and/or from about 8carbon atoms to about 10 carbon atoms. Thus, medium chain triglyceridescan include caprylic acid (8 carbon atoms), capric acid (10 carbonatoms), and/or lauric acid (12 carbon atoms).

Long chain triglycerides found in coconut oil can include triglycerideesters of acid molecules including greater than 10 carbon atoms, greaterthan 12 carbon atoms, and/or greater than 14 carbon atoms.

Accordingly, the hydrophobic phase can comprise triglycerides ofcaprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, and/or combinations thereof.While not wishing to being bound by theory, it is believed thatfractionated oils are preferred (vs. non-fractionated oils) as longerchain triglycerides are typically removed through the fractionationprocess. Many of the longer chain triglycerides can include mono, di,and/or polyunsaturated esters. Some suppliers may also remove certainmedium length triglycerides, such as lauric acid. Thus, the hydrophobicphase can also comprise triglycerides of caprylic acid, capric acid,and/or combinations.

The hydrophobic phase can also comprise saturated long chainmonoglycerides or diglycerides, saturated short chain monoglycerides ordiglycerides, saturated medium chain monoglycerides or diglycerides,and/or combinations thereof.

The hydrophobic phase may also comprise silicones, polysiloxanes, andmixtures thereof.

The hydrophobic phase may comprise mineral oil, petrolatum, and/orcombinations thereof.

A suitable petrolatum includes white petrolatum. Other examples ofsuitable petrolatum include Snow White Pet - C from Calumet SpecialtyProducts (Indianapolis, IN), G-2191 from Sonneborn (Parsippany, NJ),G-2218 from Sonneborn, G-1958 from Sonneborn, G-2180 from Sonneborn,Snow White V28 EP from Sonneborn, and Snow White V30 from Sonneborn,G-2494 from Sonneborn, and mixtures thereof.

The hydrophobic phase may comprise plant-based ingredients, for examplenon-petrochemical alternatives to mineral oil or petrolatum such asplant-based oils, plant-based waxes, and mixtures thereof. Examples alsoinclude castor seed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, beeswax, and mixturesthereof.

The hydrophobic phase can comprise aliphatic hydrocarbon. The aliphatichydrocarbons can comprise from about 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16 to about16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 36, 40 carbon atoms such as decane, 2ethyldecane, tetradecane, isotetradecane, hexadecane, eicosane, andcombinations thereof. Medium chain or long chain triglycerides cancomprise vegetable oils, fish oils, animal fats, hydrogenated vegetableoils, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, semi-synthetictriglycerides, synthetic triglycerides, and mixtures thereof.Fractionated, refined or purified oils of these types can also be used.Examples of long chain triglyceride-containing oils include almond oil;babassu oil; borage oil; black currant seed oil; canola oil; castor oil;coconut oil; fractionated coconut oil; liquid coconut oil; corn oil;cottonseed oil; emu oil; evening primrose oil; flax seed oil; grapeseedoil; groundnut oil; mustard seed oil; olive oil; palm oil; palm kerneloil; peanut oil; rapeseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; shark liveroil; soybean oil; sunflower oil; hydrogenated castor oil; hydrogenatedcoconut oil; hydrogenated palm oil; hydrogenated soybean oil;hydrogenated vegetable oil; a mixture of hydrogenated cottonseed oil andhydrogenated castor oil; partially hydrogenated soybean oil; a mixtureof partially hydrogenated soybean oil and partially hydrogenatedcottonseed oil; glyceryl trioleate; glyceryl trilinoleate; glyceryltrilinolenate; a Q3-polyunsaturated fatty acid triglyceride containingoil; and mixtures thereof. The long chain triglyceride containing oilsmay be selected from the group consisting of corn oil, olive oil, palmoil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, castor oil,linseed oil, rape oil, rice bran oil, coconut oil, hydrogenated castoroil; partially hydrogenated soybean oil; glyceryl trioleate; glyceryltrilinoleate; a Q3-polyunsaturated fatty acid triglyceride containingoil; and combinations thereof. Examples of medium chain triglyceridesinclude fractionated natural oils, such as fractionated coconut oil, asdescribed further herein.

Saturated or unsaturated fatty alcohols may have from about 6 to about20 carbon atoms, cetearyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.For example, Lipowax (Cetearyl Alcohol and Ceteareth-20) are suppliedand manufactured by Lipo Chemical.

General information on silicones including silicone fluids, gums andresins, as well as the manufacture of silicones, can be found inEncyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Volume 15, SecondEdition, pp 204-308, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1989 and Chemistry andTechnology of Silicones, Walter Noll, Academic Press Inc, (Harcourt BrueJavanovich, Publishers, New York), 1968, pp 282-287 and 409-426.

The toothpaste composition, aqueous phase, or hydrophobic phase may besubstantially free of ingredients, for example acids and/or alcohols,combinations of mineral oil and ethylene/propylene/styrene copolymerand/or butylene/ethylene/styrene copolymer, certain bleaching agents,fumed silica, polyorganosiloxanes, copolymer condensation products ofsilicone resins and polydiorganosiloxanes, or combinations thereof,silicones, dimethicone, paraffinum liquidum,trimethylsiloxysilicate/dimethiconol crosspolymer, or combinationsthereof, molecules with double or triple covalent bonds between adjacentcarbon atoms, molecules with styrene groups, that at temperatures (e.g.-7° C., 4° C., 23° C., 25° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., or 60° C.) andconditions that the toothpaste composition may be exposed to duringmanufacture, filling, shipping, or storage (for example 1 day, 2 days, 1week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18months, or 24 months) prior to use by the consumer that 1) maycompromise the efficacy, comfort, usage experience, concentration ofactives or bleaching agents at the tooth surface over time, active orbleaching efficiency, or compatibility between ingredients, or 2) mayreact with other ingredients or degrade other ingredients or may causefoam or pressure to build up in the package or container in which thetoothpaste composition is stored. The toothpaste compositions maycomprise less than 0.001% by weight of the composition, of any of thecompounds recited in this paragraph. Without being bound by a theory itis believed that the decrease in surface tension produced by alcohol maydecrease the retention time of the aqueous phase at the tooth surface,thereby decreasing the efficacy of the oral care actives. The presenceof acids might contradict with the actives and/or may produce negativeside effects. Thus, the toothpaste compositions can be free of acids,free of alcohols, or free of a mixture thereof.

The hydrophobic phase can be in a predominant or majority proportionrelative to the aqueous phase present in the toothpaste composition. Asused herein “majority proportion” means that the percent by weight orvolume of the hydrophobic phase of the toothpaste composition is inexcess relative to the percent by weight or volume of the aqueous phaseof the toothpaste composition.

The size and number of regions of hydrophobic phase may affect theamount of oral/topical irritation and/or tooth sensitivity imparted bythe toothpaste composition, opacity, translucency, transparency,brightness, whiteness, and/or stability of the toothpaste composition.The toothpaste composition can be described in terms of its Dv 50equivalent-diameter, D[4,3] equivalent-diameter, or D[3,2]equivalent-diameter of regions of the hydrophobic phase. For example,the Dv 50 equivalent-diameter, D[4,3] equivalent-diameter, or D[3,2]equivalent-diameter of regions of the hydrophobic phase can be fromabout 0.001 to about 5000, preferably from about 0.001 to 1000, morepreferably from about 0.01 to about100, more preferably from about 0.1to about 100 microns, or most preferably from about 0.4 to about 100microns. The multi-phase oral compositions may be macro-emulsions ormicro-emulsions.

Emulsifiers

The jammed oil-in-water can comprise emulsifier. Depending on the designof jammed oil-in-water emulsion, the hydrophobic phase can haveemulsifying properties. Thus, the emulsifier and the hydrophobic phasecan comprise the same compound.

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion, as described herein, can comprise fromabout 0.001% to about 20%, from about 0.01% to about 10%, up to about10%, up to about 5%, or from about 0.1% to about 10%, by weight of thejammed oil-in-water emulsion, of the emulsifier.

Classes of surfactants useful as emulsifiers include nonionicsurfactant, anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, zwitterionicsurfactant, amphoteric surfactant, polymeric surfactant, syntheticsurfactant, and/or combinations thereof. Many suitable nonionic andamphoteric surfactants are disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,433; U.S.Pat. No. 4,051,234, and many suitable nonionic surfactants are alsodisclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,458.

The emulsifier can comprise polysorbate, an alkyl sulfate, Lipowax® D,or combinations thereof. Suitable polysorbate compounds include,polysorbate 20, 40, 60, 80, or combinations thereof, such as Tween® 20,40, 60, 80, or combinations thereof.

The emulsifier can comprise natural emulsifiers, such as acacia,gelatin, lecithin and cholesterol; finely dispersed solids, such ascolloidal clays, bentonite, veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate; andsynthetic emulsifiers, such as salts of fatty acids, sulfates such assorbitan trioleate, sorbitan tristearate, sucrose distearate, propyleneglycol monostearate, glycerol monostearate, propylene glycolmonolaurate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monolaurate,polyoxyethylene-4-lauryl ether, sodium lauryl sulfate, sulfonates suchas dioctyl sosium sulfosuccinate, glyceryl esters, polyoxyethyleneglycol esters and ethers, diethylene glycol monostearate, PEG 200distearate, and sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as sorbitanmonopalmitate, and their polyoxyethylene derivatives, polyoxyethyleneglycol esters such as the monostearate, Polysorbate 80 (ethoxylatedsorbitan monooleate) (supplied by Spectrum, etc.); and combinationsthereof.

The emulsifier can be a surfactant that is non-reactive with oral careactive agents. For example, surfactants that are non-reactive with ableaching agent may be substantially free of hydroxy groups, nitrogengroups and linkages, double or triple covalent bonds between adjacentcarbon atoms, metals such as Zn, etc., or combinations thereof.

The jammed oil-in-water toothpaste composition may be free of,essentially free of, and/or substantially free of sulfate, alkylsulfate, and/or sodium lauryl sulfate, as some consumers have aperception that these surfactants may lead to harsh conditions in theoral cavity.

The jammed oil-in-water may be substantially free of ingredients, forexample reactive emulsifiers, that at temperatures (e.g. -7° C., 4° C.,23° C., 25° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., or 60° C.) and conditions thatthe jammed oil-in-water emulsion may be exposed to during manufacture,filling, shipping, or storage (for example 1 day, 2 days, 1 week, 2weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, or24 months) prior to use by the consumer, 1) may compromise the efficacy,comfort, usage experience, concentration of actives or bleaching agentsat the tooth surface over time, active or bleaching efficiency, orcompatibility between ingredients, or 2) may react with otheringredients or degrade other ingredients or may cause foam or pressureto build up in the package or container in which the jammed oil-in-wateremulsion is stored. “Substantially free of a reactive emulsifier” asused herein means that the composition comprises less than 0.001% byweight of a reactive emulsifier.

The emulsifier may be a non-ionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactantsinclude polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as, materialssold under the trademark Tween. The number following the‘polyoxyethylene’ part in the following section refers to the totalnumber of oxyethylene -(CH₂CH₂O)- groups found in the molecule. Thenumber following the ‘polysorbate’ part is related to the type of fattyacid associated with the polyoxyethylene sorbitan part of the molecule.Monolaurate is indicated by 20, monopalmitate is indicated by 40,monostearate by 60, and monooleate by 80. Examples of such materials arepolyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monopalmitate (Tween 40), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonostearate (Tween 60), polyoxyethylene (4) sorbitan monostearate(Tween 61), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate (Tween 65),polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), polyoxyethylene (5)sorbitan monooleate (Tween 81), and polyoxyethlene (20) sorbitantrioleate (Tween 85), and mixtures thereof. Polyoxyethylene fatty acidesters are also suitable and examples include those materials sold underthe trademark Myrj such as polyoxyethylene (8) stearate (Myrj 45) andpolyoxyethylene (40) stearate (Myrj 52), and mixtures thereof. Furthernonionics include, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymers, suchas poloxamers and Pluronics.

Other suitable surfactants include zwitterionic surfactants, such ascocamidopropyl betaine, which can be used to improve foaming propertiesof jammed oil-in-water emulsions, if desired.

Another suitable class of non-ionic surfactants that can be used in theemulsifier are polyoxyethylene fatty ethers, such as, the materials soldunder the trademark Brij. Examples of such materials are polyoxyethylene(4) lauryl ether (Brij 30), polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether (Brij 35),polyoxyethylene (2) cetyl ether (Brij 52), polyoxyethylene (10) cetylether (Brij 56), polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether (Brij 58),polyoxyethylene (2) stearyl ether (Brij 72), polyoxyethylene (10)stearyl ether (Brij 76), polyoxyethylene (20) stearyl ether (Brij 78),polyoxyethylne (2) oleyl ether (Brij 93), polyoxyethylene (10) oleylether, and polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether (Brij 99), and mixturesthereof.

A portion of a non-ionic surfactant may be substituted with a lipophilicsurfactant, such as, sorbitan fatty acid esters such as the materialssold under the trademark Arlacel. Suitable lipophilic surfactantsinclude sorbitan monolaurate (Arlacel 20), sorbitan monopalmitate(Arlacel 40), sorbitan monostearate (Aracel 60), sorbitan monooleate(Arlacel 80), sorbitan sesquioleate (Arlacel 83), and sorbitan trioleate(Arlacel 85), and mixtures thereof. Typically, from about 2% to about90% of the level of the nonionic surfactant may be substituted by alipophilic surfactant, or from about 25% to about 50%.

Other suitable emulsifiers include sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laurylisethionate, sodium lauroyl methyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl glutamate,lauryl glucoside carboxylate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, alkalimetal or ammonium salts of lauroyl sarcosinate, myristoyl sarcosinate,palmitoyl sarcosinate, stearoyl sarcosinate and oleoyl sarcosinate,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, isostearate and laurate, sodiumlauryl sulfoacetate, N-lauroyl sarcosine, the sodium, potassium, andethanolamine salts of N-lauroyl, N-myristoyl, or N-palmitoyl sarcosine,polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, cocamidopropyl betaine,lauramidopropyl betaine, palmityl betaine, sodium cocoyl glutamate,and/or combinations thereof.

Each emulsifier and/or blends of multiple emulsifiers can have ahydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. An emulsifier that islipophilic in character is assigned a low HLB number (below about 9),and one that is hydrophilic is assigned a high HLB number (above about11). In certain embodiments, the skilled formulator will recognize theimportance of selecting an emulsifier (or blend of multiple emulsifiers)with a suitable balance of hydrophilic and lipophilic properties toencourage the formation of a high internal phase emulsion or preferablya jammed emulsion. The HLB is calculated according to the procedurespecified previously. Information on emulsifiers and HLB values can befound in 1) “Emulsion science and technology” edited by Tharwat F.Tadros, Wiley VCH, ISBN: 978-3-527-32525-2, 2) “Classification ofsurface-active agents by HLB” by W.C. Griffin of the Atlas PowderCompany in the Journal of Cosmetic Chemists 1949, 3) “Calculation of HLBof non-ionic surfactants” by W.C. Griffin in the Journal of CosmeticChemists 1954, 4) “Interfacial phenomena”, Chapter 8 “Disperse systemsand adhesion” by J. T. Davies and E. K. Rideal Academic Press, New York,1963, 5) “A quantitative kinetic theory of emulsion type I, physicalchemistry of the emulsifying agent” by J.T. Davies J.H. Schulman (Ed.),Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Surface Activity, 1,Academic Press, New York (1957), 6) “Span and Tween” brochure 08/10D1005/1 by Croda Europe Ltd. England, 7) “Food enrichment with Omega-3fatty acids”, Chapter 5 “Stabilization of omega-3 oils and enrichedfoods using emulsifiers” by C. Genot, T.-H. Kabri and A. Meynier,France, Woodhead Publishing, and 8) “Health Care Prodoct Guide - NorthAmerica”, brochure “Pharmaceuticals, Dermatology, Delivering yoursolution, Animal Health, Nutraceuticals” by Croda . The emulsifiers andblends of multiple emulsifiers along with their HLB values specified inthese documents are incorporated herein by reference.

An emulsifier that tends to form a water-in-oil emulsion and anemulsifier that forms an oil-in-water emulsion may be blended to achievean HLB suitable for an oil-in-water emulsion. The average HLB number ofthe blend may be calculated from additivity:

-   HLB of blend = (a) ^(∗) HLB₁ + (b) ^(∗) HLB₂-   Wherein a and b are the weight fractions of the two emulsifiers with    HLB₁ and HLB₂.

For example, to determine the HLB value of a blend comprising 70% ofTWEEN 80 (HLB = 15) and 30% Of SPAN 80 (HLB = 4.3), the calculationwould be:

-   The contribution from TWEEN 80 is 70% X 15.0 = 10.5-   The contribution from SPAN 80 is 30% X 4.3 = 1.3-   Thus, the HLB of blend is 11.8 (i.e. 10.5 + 1.3)

The HLB values of various emulsifiers and/or blends of multipleemulsifiers can be from about are from about 0 to about 60, above 11,from about 11 to about 60, from about 11 to about 40, preferably fromabout 11 to about 20, or more preferred from about 16 to about 18, orcombinations thereof; or from about 20 to about 40, or from about 30 toabout 40.

The emulsifier or blend of multiple emulsifiers can be hydrophilic,miscible with water, immiscible with mineral oil, or combinationsthereof.

Each emulsifier can comprise at least one hydrophobic tail group and atleast one hydrophilic head group. There can be from about 6 to about 20,from about 8 to about 16, or from about 10 to 14 carbon atoms in fromabout 1 to about 4, from about 1 to about 3, or from about 1 to about 2hydrophobic tails, or in 1 hydrophobic tail. Each hydrophobic tail canhave up to about 4, up to about 3, or up to about 1 branch, or 0branches. Each hydrophobic tail can have up to about 3, up to about 2,up to about 1, or 0 alkene functional groups (or carbon-carbon doublebonds). The hydrophilic head group of each emulsifier molecule cancomprise from about PEG-4 to about PEG-40, from about PEG-8 to aboutPEG-30, or preferably from about PEG-16 to about PEG-24 attached tosorbitan. The emulsifier can comprise from about 4 to about 60, fromabout 8 to about 30, from about 16 to about 34 of moles of ethyleneoxide in each emulsifier molecule.

The emulsifier or blend of multiple emulsifiers can comprise PEG-20sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80),and/or sodium lauryl sulfate. Preferably, the emulisifer can comprisePEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate.

The emulsifier (and HLB) may comprise one or more of the following list,and blends of multiple emulsifiers may comprise blends of these in anycombination thereof: Span 20 (HLB of 8.6), Span 40 (6.7), Span 60 (4.7),Span 80 (4.3), Span 83 (3.7), Span 85 (1.8), Span 120 (4.7), Tween 20(16.7), Tween 21 (13.3), Tween 40 (15.6), Tween 60 (14.9), Tween 61(9.6), Tween 65 (10.5), and Tween 80 (15).

Yield Stress

Typically, toothpaste compositions are formulated as a single-phaseaqueous chassis or a single-phase non-aqueous chassis further combinedwith abrasives and flavors. In many cases, thickening agents need to beadded to these toothpaste compositions to increase the yield stress ofthe toothpaste so that the toothpaste can be dispensed from a tubeand/or stand-up on the bristles of a toothbrush (i.e. not sink into thebristles or flow down the sides of the bristles of the toothbrush upondispensing).

Surprisingly, a toothpaste composition including jammed oil-in-wateremulsion has a yield stress that is greater than the aqueous phaseand/or the hydrophobic phase that are used to make the jammedoil-in-water emulsion. In other words, two components are mixed with alow yield stress and the resulting jammed oil-in-water emulsion that ismade upon mixing, as described herein, has an unexpectedly high yieldstress. While not wishing to being bound by theory, it is believed thatthe jammed oil-in-water emulsion can have a higher-than-expected yieldstress once the high internal phase undergoes the jamming transition.

Furthermore, it has also been surprisingly found that jammedoil-in-water emulsions can be made with a high yield stress by mixingthe aqueous phase and hydrophobic phase at a high rate of mixing orshear. While not wishing to being bound by theory, it is believed thatthe high shear rate decreases the droplet size of hydrophobic phasewhich leads to a higher yield stress.

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion can be made through the portion-wiseaddition or gradual addition of the hydrophobic phase to the aqueousphase, as described herein. Upon the making of the jammed oil-in-wateremulsion, the yield stress is greater than the yield stress of thehydrophobic phase and/or the aqueous phase. It has also been found that,surprisingly, the yield stress of the jammed oil-in-water emulsion canalso be manipulated through physical manipulation, such as, for example,rate of mixing or shear, after the entirety of the hydrophobic phase hasbeen added to the aqueous phase or while the hydrophobic phase is beingadded to the aqueous phase. The physical manipulation, such as throughstirring, shaking, vibrating, high shear mixing, homogenization, etc.,can lead to additional increases in yield stress of the toothpastecomposition without the need to add subsequent processing or stabilizingaids, such as thickening agents.

The multi-phase oral care compositions can be described by itswater-dispersibility according to the method disclosed herein. The waterdispersibility of the multi-phase oral care composition can be greaterthan about 5%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 20%, greaterthan about 25%, or greater than about 50% of the total content of themulti-phase oral care composition, by weight or volume. Preferably, thewater-dispersibility of the multi-phase oral care compositions can befrom about 20% to 100%, from about 40% to 100%, from about 60% to 100%,or greater than about 70%, by weight or volume of the total multi-phaseoral care composition.

As yield stress of the jammed oil-in-water emulsion can be manipulatedthrough physical processing of the emulsion, an array of toothpastecompositions that differ on yield stress, but not requiring the additionor removal of any ingredients is also disclosed herein. The array caninclude a first toothpaste composition comprising a jammed oil-in-wateremulsion and a second toothpaste composition comprising a jammedoil-in-water emulsion. The first toothpaste composition can have a loweryield stress than the second toothpaste composition, but still a higheryield stress than the aqueous phase and/or hydrophobic phase. The firsttoothpaste composition could be useful for consumers that desire thepaste to sink into the bristles of a brush, such as in the case of usersof power brushes, hands free mouthpiece brushes, and/or trays. Thesecond toothpaste composition can be useful for consumers of powerbrushes and/or manual brushes. The yield stress of the first toothpastecomposition may be up to about 20 Pa, preferably up to about 15 Pa, andmost preferably up to about 10 Pa. The yield stress of the secondtoothpaste composition may be from about 25 to about 2000 Pas, fromabout 25 to about 1000 Pa, preferably from about 25 to about 500 Pa, andmost preferably from about 25 to about 200 Pa.

The yield stress of the toothpaste composition can be from about 2 Pa toabout 5000 Pa, from about 2 Pa to about 2000 Pa, from about 4 Pa toabout 1000 Pa, from about 2 Pa to about 500 Pa, from about 2 Pa to about100 Pa, from about 5 Pa to about 50 Pa, or from about 25 Pa to about 500Pa, as measured according to the method specified herein at 23° C.

Opacifiers

Typically, toothpaste compositions are formulated as a single-phaseaqueous chassis or a single-phase non-aqueous chassis further combinedwith abrasives and flavors. In many cases, ingredients are added totoothpaste compositions that can result in toothpaste with anunappealing cloudy appearance - neither completely translucent norcompletely opaque.

In some cases, opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide are added to makethe paste a) opaque in appearance, or b) bright or white in appearance.Unexpectedly, the toothpaste composition comprising jammed oil-in-wateremulsion can provide a) an opaque appearance, or b) bright or whiteappearance without the addition of opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide,even when the aqueous phase and/or the hydrophobic phase are not opaque.

Opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide, can be added to the formulation tomake the toothpaste opaque in appearance. Unexpectedly, the toothpastecomposition comprising jammed oil-in-water emulsion can provide anopaque appearance without the addition of opacifiers even when theaqueous phase and/or the hydrophobic phase are not opaque.

While not wishing to being bound by theory, it is believed when dropletsor regions of hydrophobic phase are appropriately sized to reflectwavelengths of visible light (from about 400 nm to about 700 nm), thecomposition can become opaque in appearance - surprisingly even withoutsolid particulate opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide. Accordingly, theDv 50 equivalent-diameter, D[4,3] equivalent-diameter, or D[3,2]equivalent-diameter of the droplets or regions of hydrophobic phase maybe from about 0.4 to about 1000 microns, preferably from about 0.4 toabout 500 microns, and most preferably from about 0.4 to about 100microns. These compositions may be jammed macro-emulsions.

The opacity of a substance or composition can be correlated with its L*.Bright or white substances or compositions can have a L* of at least 25units. Surprisingly the toothpaste composition comprising jammedoil-in-water emulsion can provide compositions that have a L* of atleast about 25, preferably at least about 50, more preferably at leastabout 70, or most preferably at least about 80 units without theaddition of opacifiers. Even more surprisingly, the toothpastecomposition comprising jammed oil-in-water emulsion can providecompositions that have a L* of at least about 25, preferably at leastabout 50, more preferably at least about 70, or most preferably at leastabout 80 units without the addition of opacifiers and even when theaqueous phase and/or the hydrophobic phase have a L* less than about 5,less than about 10, or less than about 25 units.

In traditional toothpastes, solid particulates and solid abrasives canbe carefully selected such that their refractive index matches that ofthe surrounding toothpaste matrix to make the composition moretranslucent and “gel-like” in appearance. Unexpectedly, the toothpastecomposition comprising jammed oil-in-water emulsion can also provide atranslucent appearance without the need for solid particulates at all.While not wishing to being bound by theory, it is believed when dropletsor regions of hydrophobic phase of the present invention are smallenough to allow wavelengths of visible light (less than about 0.4microns, or less than about 0.7 microns) to pass through, thecomposition becomes translucent in appearance. Accordingly, the Dv 50equivalent-diameter, D[4,3] equivalent-diameter, or D[3,2]equivalent-diameter of the droplets or regions of hydrophobic phase maybe from about 0.001 to about 1 micron, preferably from about 0.001 toabout 0.7 microns, and most preferably from about 0.001 to about 0.4microns. These compositions may be jammed micro-emulsions.

Additionally, the jammed oil-in-water emulsion can have a whiteappearance that can be used without the need for dyes and/or opacifiers.Dyes can be added to the jammed oil-in-water emulsion to modify thecolor of the emulsion.

The toothpaste composition can be free of, essentially free of, and/orsubstantially free of opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide,calcium salts, pyrophosphate, other metal oxides, and/or bismuthoxychloride. The toothpaste composition can comprise less than 0.01%,less than 0.001%, and or less than 0.0001%, by weight of the toothpastecomposition, of opacifiers.

Minimum Number of Ingredients

As traditional toothpaste compositions are typically formulated as asingle-phase aqueous chassis or a single-phase non-aqueous chassisfurther combined with abrasives and flavors, a variety of thickeningagents, opacifiers, stabilizers, and/or surfactants can be added to keepthe active ingredient, such as fluoride, stable until it reaches theoral cavity. By instead formulating the toothpaste as a jammedoil-in-water emulsion, the toothpaste composition can be free of,essentially free of, and/or substantially free of many ingredients thatare normally included in toothpaste formulation, such as opacifiers,sodium lauryl sulfate, abrasive, thickening agents, dyes, etc., asfurther described herein.

Some consumers desire an elegantly designed toothpaste composition thatincludes fewer ingredients. The jammed oil-in-water emulsion may have amaximum of 9, maximum of 8, maximum of 7, maximum of 6, or maximum of 5ingredients. Additionally, many of the ingredients can be naturallyderived, natural, and/or sustainable ingredients, such as hydrophobicphase comprising natural oil.

Abrasive

The toothpaste composition of the present invention can compriseabrasive. Abrasives can be added to oral care formulations, such astoothpaste compositions, to help remove surface stains from teeth. Theabrasive can comprise calcium abrasive, silica abrasive, and/or aluminaabrasive.

The calcium abrasive can be any suitable abrasive compound that canprovide calcium ions in a toothpaste composition and/or deliver calciumions to the oral cavity when the toothpaste composition is applied tothe oral cavity. The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 5%to about 70%, from about 10% to about 60%, from about 20% to about 50%,from about 25% to about 40%, or from about 1% to about 50% of a calciumabrasive. The calcium abrasive can comprise one or more calcium abrasivecompounds, such as calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate(PCC), ground calcium carbonate (GCC), chalk, dicalcium phosphate,calcium pyrophosphate, and/or mixtures thereof.

The toothpaste composition can also comprise silica abrasive, such assilica gel (by itself, and of any structure), precipitated silica,amorphous precipitated silica (by itself, and of any structure as well),hydrated silica, and/or combinations thereof. The toothpaste compositioncan comprise from about 5% to about 70%, from about 10% to about 60%,from about 10% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 50%, from about 25%to about 40%, or from about 1% to about 50% of a silica abrasive.

The abrasive can also comprise other abrasives, such as bentonite,perlite, titanium dioxide, alumina, hydrated alumina, calcined alumina,aluminum silicate, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, insoluble potassiummetaphosphate, insoluble magnesium carbonate, zirconium silicate, solidparticulate thermosetting resins and/or other suitable abrasivematerials. The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 5% toabout 70%, from about 10% to about 60%, from about 10% to about 50%,from about 20% to about 50%, from about 25% to about 40%, or from about1% to about 50% of other abrasives.

The toothpaste composition can be free of, essentially free of, and/orsubstantially free of abrasive. Unexpectedly, the jammed oil-in-watercomposition can provide abrasive-free cleaning. While not wishing tobeing bound by theory, it is believed that the jammed oil-in-wateremulsion can provide abrasive-free cleaning because a) it can quicklyrelease cleaning or bleaching agents that may be present in the aqueousphase, and b) it can have a majority hydrophobic phase that can removeor bleach stains, plaque, tartar, biofilm, and/or bacteria through anoil pulling or bleaching mechanism.

Oral Care Active Agent

The toothpaste composition can comprise oral care active agent. Suitableoral care active agents can include whitening agent, anticaries agent,antibacterial agent, antisensitivity agent, dicarboxylic acid, amongother components described herein.

Anticaries Agent

The oral care active agent can comprise an anticaries agent. Theanticaries agent can be active against caries through one of these fourmechanisms: i) suppressing acid formation via antibacterial action; ii)reducing enamel solubility through a calcium co-ion effect; iii)reducing enamel solubility through a fluoride co-ion effect; and iv)reducing enamel solubility through surface adsorbed stabilizers. Thus,the anticaries agent can comprise antibacterial agent, calcium, and/orfluoride. However, a compound can fall within more than one of thesecategories, such as, for example, stannous chloride, which can beantibacterial agent and/or metal or stannous fluoride, which can beantibacterial agent, fluoride ion source, and/or metal.

Antibacterial Agent

The oral care active agent can comprise antibacterial agent. Theantibacterial agent can be any agent that suppresses acid formation bythe bacteria of dental caries. Suitable antibacterial agents includeagents that those that can provide at least about an 80%, or about 30%,60%, 65%, 75%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, reduction in ΔpH with respect toCrest^(®) Cavity Protection that thereby reduce caries at least about9%, or about 1%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 10%, 11%, or 12%, with respect to theplacebo or water control in rat caries experiments.

Suitable antibacterial agents include hops acids, such as hops alphaacids, hops beta acids, hydrogenated hops acids, and/or combinationsthereof. Other suitable antibacterial agents include metal ion sources,such as tin ion sources, zinc ion sources, copper ion sources, and/orcombinations thereof. Other suitable antibacterial agents includetriclosan, extracts from any species within the genus Magnolia, extractsfrom any species within the genus Humulus. Other suitable antibacterialagents include hops acids, tin ion sources, benzyl alcohol, sodiumbenzoate, menthylglycyl acetate, menthyl lactate, L-menthol,o-neomenthol, chlorophyllin copper complex, phenol, oxyquinoline, and/orcombinations thereof. Other suitable antibacterial agents include one ormore amino acids, such as basic amino acids.

The oral care composition can comprise from about 0.01% to about 10%,from about 1% to about 5%, or from about 0.5% to about 15% of anantibacterial agent. Some, but not all, suitable antibacterial agentswill be discussed separately.

Antisensitivity Agent

The oral care active agent can comprise antisensitivity agent. Suitableantisensitivity agents include potassium nitrate, dicarboxylic acid,such as oxalic acid, tin, and/or combinations thereof.

Whitening Agent

The toothpaste composition may comprise from about 0.1% to about 10%,from about 0.2% to about 5%, from about 1% to about 5%, or from about 1%to about 15%, by weight of the toothpaste composition, of whiteningagent.

The whitening agent can be a compound suitable for whitening at leastone tooth in the oral cavity. The whitening agent may include peroxides,metal chlorites, perborates, percarbonates, peroxyacids, persulfates,dicarboxylic acids, as described herein, and/or combinations thereof.Suitable peroxides include solid peroxides, hydrogen peroxide, ureaperoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone peroxide complex, cross-linkedpolyvinylpyrrolidone peroxide complex, calcium peroxide, benzoylperoxide, sodium peroxide, barium peroxide, inorganic peroxides,hydroperoxides, organic peroxides, and mixtures thereof. Suitable metalchlorites include calcium chlorite, barium chlorite, magnesium chlorite,lithium chlorite, sodium chlorite, and potassium chlorite. Othersuitable whitening agents include sodium persulfate, potassiumpersulfate, peroxydone, 6-phthalimido peroxy hexanoic acid,Pthalamidoperoxycaproic acid, dicarboxylic acids, such as oxalic acid,malonic acid, methylmalonic acid, or mixtures thereof.

Dicarboxylic acid

The toothpaste composition can comprise dicarboxylic acid. Thedicarboxylic acid comprises a compound with two carboxylic acidfunctional groups. The dicarboxylic acid can comprise a compound or saltthereof defined by Formula I.

R can be null, alkyl, alkenyl, allyl, phenyl, benzyl, aliphatic,aromatic, polyethylene glycol, polymer, O, N, P, and/or combinationsthereof.

The dicarboxylic acid can comprise oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinicacid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azerlaicacid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, brassylicacid, thapsic acid, japanic acid, phellogenic acid, equisetolic acid,malic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, phthalic acid, methylmalonicacid, dimethylmalonic acid, tartronic acid, mesoxalic acid,dihydroxymalonic acid, fumaric acid, terephthalic acid, glutaric acid,salts thereof, or combinations thereof. The dicarboxylic acid cancomprise suitable salts of dicarboxylic acid, such as, for example,monoalkali metal oxalate, dialkali metal oxalate, monopotassiummonohydrogen oxalate, dipotassium oxalate, monosodium monohydrogenoxalate, disodium oxalate, titanium oxalate, and/or other metal salts ofoxalate. The dicarboxylic acid can also include hydrates of thedicarboxylic acid and/or a hydrate of a salt of the dicarboxylic acid.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.01% to about 10%,from about 0.1% to about 15%, from about 1% to about 5%, or from about0.0001 to about 25%, by weight of the toothpaste composition, ofdicarboxylic acid.

Polyphosphate

The toothpaste composition and/or polydentate ligand can comprisepolyphosphate, which can be provided by a polyphosphate source. Apolyphosphate source can comprise one or more polyphosphate molecules.Polyphosphates are a class of materials obtained by the dehydration andcondensation of orthophosphate to yield linear and cyclicpolyphosphates, such as phytic acid, of varying chain lengths. Thus,polyphosphate molecules are generally identified with an average number(n) of polyphosphate molecules, as described below. A polyphosphate isgenerally understood to consist of two or more phosphate moleculesarranged primarily in a linear configuration, although some cyclicderivatives may be present.

Preferred polyphosphates are those having an average of two or morephosphate groups so that surface adsorption at effective concentrationsproduces sufficient non-bound phosphate functions, which enhance theanionic surface charge as well as hydrophilic character of the surfaces.Preferred in this invention are the linear polyphosphates having theformula: XO(XPO₃)_(n)X, wherein X is sodium, potassium, ammonium, or anyother alkali metal cations and n averages from about 2 to about 21, fromabout 2 to about 14, or from about 2 to about 7. Alkali earth metalcations, such as calcium, are not preferred because they tend to forminsoluble fluoride salts from aqueous solutions comprising a fluorideions and alkali earth metal cations. Thus, the toothpaste compositionsdisclosed herein can be free of or substantially free of calciumpyrophosphate.

Some examples of suitable polyphosphate molecules include, for example,pyrophosphate (n=2), tripolyphosphate (n=3), tetrapolyphosphate (n=4),sodaphos polyphosphate (n=6), hexaphos polyphosphate (n=13), benephospolyphosphate (n=14), hexametaphosphate (n=21), which is also known asGlass H. Polyphosphates can include those polyphosphate compoundsmanufactured by FMC Corporation, ICL Performance Products, and/orAstaris.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.01% to about 15%,from about 0.1% to about 10%, from about 0.5% to about 5%, from about 1to about 20%, or about 10% or less, by weight of the toothpastecomposition, of the polyphosphate source. Alternatively, the toothpastecomposition can be essentially free of, substantially free of, or freeof polyphosphate. The toothpaste composition can be essentially free of,substantially free of, or free of cyclic polyphosphate. The toothpastecomposition can be essentially free of, substantially free of, or freeof phytic acid, which can lead to insoluble tin and/or zinc compounds.

Fluoride

The toothpaste composition can comprise fluoride, which can be providedby a fluoride ion source. The fluoride ion source can comprise one ormore fluoride containing compounds, such as stannous fluoride, sodiumfluoride, potassium fluoride, amine fluoride, sodiummonofluorophosphate, zinc fluoride, and/or mixtures thereof.

The fluoride ion source and the tin ion source can be the same compound,such as for example, stannous fluoride, which can generate tin ions andfluoride ions. Additionally, the fluoride ion source and the tin ionsource can be separate compounds, such as when the tin ion source isstannous chloride and the fluoride ion source is sodiummonofluorophosphate or sodium fluoride.

The fluoride ion source and the zinc ion source can be the samecompound, such as for example, zinc fluoride, which can generate zincions and fluoride ions. Additionally, the fluoride ion source and thezinc ion source can be separate compounds, such as when the zinc ionsource is zinc phosphate and the fluoride ion source is stannousfluoride.

The fluoride ion source can be essentially free of or free of stannousfluoride. Thus, the toothpaste composition can comprise sodium fluoride,potassium fluoride, amine fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, zincfluoride, and/or mixtures thereof.

The toothpaste composition can comprise a fluoride ion source capable ofproviding from about 50 ppm to about 5000 ppm, and preferably from about500 ppm to about 3000 ppm of free fluoride ions. To deliver the desiredamount of fluoride ions, the fluoride ion source may be present in thetoothpaste composition at an amount of from about 0.0025% to about 5%,from about 0.01% to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 1%, from about0.5% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.3% to about 0.6%, by weight of thetoothpaste composition. Alternatively, the toothpaste composition cancomprise less than 0.1%, less than 0.01%, be essentially free of, besubstantially free of, or free of a fluoride ion source.

Metal

The toothpaste composition, as described herein, can comprise metal,which can be provided by a metal ion source comprising one or more metalions. The metal ion source can comprise or be in addition to the tin ionsource and/or the zinc ion source, as described herein. Suitable metalion sources include compounds with metal ions, such as, but not limitedto Sn, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mg, Sr, Ti, Fe, Mo, B, Ba, Ce, Al, In and/or mixturesthereof. The metal ion source can be any compound with a suitable metaland any accompanying ligands and/or anions.

Suitable ligands and/or anions that can be paired with metal ion sourcesinclude, but are not limited to acetate, ammonium sulfate, benzoate,bromide, borate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, gluconate,glycerophosphate, hydroxide, iodide, oxalate, oxide, propionate,D-lactate, DL-lactate, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, sulfate, nitrate,tartrate, and/or mixtures thereof.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.01% to about 10%,from about 1% to about 5%, or from about 0.5% to about 15% of metaland/or a metal ion source.

Tin

The toothpaste composition of the present invention can comprise tin,which can be provided by a tin ion source. The tin ion source can be anysuitable compound that can provide tin ions in a toothpaste compositionand/or deliver tin ions to the oral cavity when the toothpastecomposition is applied to the oral cavity. The tin ion source cancomprise one or more tin containing compounds, such as stannousfluoride, stannous chloride, stannous bromide, stannous iodide, stannousoxide, stannous oxalate, stannous sulfate, stannous sulfide, stannicfluoride, stannic chloride, stannic bromide, stannic iodide, stannicsulfide, and/or mixtures thereof. The tin ion source can comprisestannous fluoride, stannous chloride, and/or mixture thereof. The tinion source can also be a fluoride-free tin ion source, such as stannouschloride.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.0025% to about 15%,from about 0.01% to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 1%, from about0.4% to about 1%, or from about 0.3% to about 0.6%, by weight of thetoothpaste composition, of tin and/or a tin ion source.

Zinc

The toothpaste composition can comprise zinc, which can be provided by azinc ion source. The zinc ion source can comprise one or more zinccontaining compounds, such as zinc fluoride, zinc lactate, zinc oxide,zinc phosphate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, zinc hexafluorozirconate,zinc sulfate, zinc tartrate, zinc gluconate, zinc citrate, zinc malate,zinc glycinate, zinc pyrophosphate, zinc metaphosphate, zinc oxalate,and/or zinc carbonate. The zinc ion source can be a fluoride-free zincion source, such as zinc phosphate, zinc oxide, and/or zinc citrate.

The zinc and/or zinc ion source may be present in the total toothpastecomposition at an amount of from about 0.01% to about 10%, from about0.2% to about 1%, from about 0.5% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.3% toabout 0.6%, by weight of the composition. Alternatively, the compositioncan be essentially free of, substantially free of, or free of zinc.

pH

The pH of the toothpaste compositions as described herein can be fromabout 4 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.5, or from about 4.5 toabout 5.5. The pH of the toothpaste compositions, as described herein,can also be at least about 6, at least about 6.5, or at least about 7.The pH of a mouthrinse solution can be determined as the pH of the neatsolution. The pH of a dentifrice composition can be determined as aslurry pH, which is the pH of a mixture of the dentifrice compositionand water, such as a 1:4, 1:3, or 1:2 mixture of the dentifricecomposition and water. The pH of the toothpaste compositions asdescribed herein have a preferred pH of from about 4 to about 10, fromabout 5 to about 9, from about 6 to 8, or about 7.

The toothpaste composition can comprise one or more buffering agents.Buffering agents, as used herein, refer to agents that can be used toadjust the slurry pH of the toothpaste compositions. The bufferingagents include alkali metal hydroxides, carbonates, sesquicarbonates,borates, silicates, phosphates, imidazole, and mixtures thereof.Specific buffering agents include monosodium phosphate, trisodiumphosphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, alkali metal carbonatesalts, sodium carbonate, imidazole, pyrophosphate salts, citric acid,and sodium citrate. The toothpaste composition can comprise one or morebuffering agents each at a level of from about 0.1 % to about 30%, fromabout 1% to about 10%, or from about 1.5% to about 3%, by weight of thepresent composition.

Thickening Agent

The toothpaste composition can comprise one or more thickening agents.Thickening agents can be useful in the toothpaste compositions toprovide a gelatinous structure that stabilizes the toothpaste againstphase separation. Suitable thickening agents include polysaccharides,polymers, and/or silica thickeners. Some non-limiting examples ofpolysaccharides include starch; glycerite of starch; gums such as gumkaraya (sterculia gum), gum tragacanth, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gumacacia, xanthan gum, guar gum and cellulose gum; magnesium aluminumsilicate (Veegum); carrageenan; sodium alginate; agar-agar; pectin;gelatin; cellulose compounds such as cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose,hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethyl carboxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose,ethyl cellulose, and sulfated cellulose; natural and synthetic clayssuch as hectorite clays; and mixtures thereof.

The thickening agent can comprise polysaccharides. Polysaccharides thatare suitable for use herein include carageenans, gellan gum, locust beangum, xanthan gum, carbomers, poloxamers, modified cellulose, andmixtures thereof. Carageenan is a polysaccharide derived from seaweed.There are several types of carageenan that may be distinguished by theirseaweed source and/or by their degree of and position of sulfation. Thethickening agent can comprise kappa carageenans, modified kappacarageenans, iota carageenans, modified iota carageenans, lambdacarrageenan, and mixtures thereof. Carageenans suitable for use hereininclude those commercially available from the FMC Company under theseries designation “Viscarin,” including but not limited to Viscarin TP329, Viscarin TP 388, and Viscarin TP 389.

The thickening agent can comprise one or more polymers. The polymer canbe a polyethylene glycol (PEG), a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP),polyacrylic acid, a polymer derived from at least one acrylic acidmonomer, a copolymer of maleic anhydride and methyl vinyl ether, acrosslinked polyacrylic acid polymer, of various weight percentages ofthe toothpaste composition as well as various ranges of averagemolecular ranges. The polymer can comprise polyacrylate crosspolymer,such as polyacrylate crosspolymer-6. Suitable sources of polyacrylatecrosspolymer-6 can include Sepimax Zen™ commercially available fromSeppic.

The thickening agent can comprise inorganic thickening agents. Somenon-limiting examples of suitable inorganic thickening agents includecolloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, silica thickeners. Useful silicathickeners include, for example, include, as a non-limiting example, anamorphous precipitated silica such as ZEODENT® 165 silica. Othernon-limiting silica thickeners include ZEODENT® 153, 163, and 167, andZEOFREE® 177 and 265 silica products, all available from EvonikCorporation, and AEROSIL® fumed silicas.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from 0.01% to about 15%, from0.1% to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 5%, or from about 0.5 % toabout 2% of one or more thickening agents.

Alternatively, the toothpaste composition can be free of, essentiallyfree of, and/or substantially free of thickening agent as the jammedoil-in-water emulsion has an unexpectedly high yield stress relative toits constituent components.

Amino Acid

The toothpaste composition can comprise amino acid. The amino acid cancomprise one or more amino acids, peptide, and/or polypeptide, asdescribed herein.

Amino acids, as in Formula II, are organic compounds that contain anamine functional group, a carboxyl functional group, and a side chain (Rin Formula III) specific to each amino acid. Suitable amino acidsinclude, for example, amino acids with a positive or negative sidechain, amino acids with an acidic or basic side chain, amino acids withpolar uncharged side chains, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains,and/or combinations thereof. Suitable amino acids also include, forexample, arginine, histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, selenocysteine,glycine, proline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, citrulline, ornithine, creatine,diaminobutanoic acid, diaminoproprionic acid, salts thereof, and/orcombinations thereof.

Suitable amino acids include the compounds described by Formula III,either naturally occurring or synthetically derived. The amino acid canbe zwitterionic, neutral, positively charged, or negatively chargedbased on the R group and the environment. The charge of the amino acid,and whether particular functional groups, can interact with tin atparticular pH conditions, would be well known to one of ordinary skillin the art.

Suitable amino acids include one or more basic amino acids, one or moreacidic amino acids, one or more neutral amino acids, or combinationsthereof.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.01% to about 20%,from about 0.1% to about 10%, from about 0.5% to about 6%, or from about1% to about 10 % of amino acid, by weight of the toothpaste composition.

The term “neutral amino acid” as used herein includes not only naturallyoccurring neutral amino acids, such as alanine, asparagine, cysteine,glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine,proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, but also otheramino acids having an isoelectric point in range of pH 5.0 to 7.0. Theneutral amino acid can also be at least partially water soluble andprovide a pH of about 7 or less in an aqueous solution of 1 g of neutralamino acid in 1000 mL of distilled water at 25° C.

Accordingly, suitable neutral amino acids can also include alanine,aminobutyrate, asparagine, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glycine,hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline,serine, taurine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, salts thereof,or mixtures thereof. Preferably, neutral amino acids used in thecomposition of the present invention may include asparagine, glutamine,glycine, salts thereof, and/or mixtures thereof.

Vitamin

The toothpaste composition can comprise one or more vitamins. As usedherein, “vitamin” includes all natural and/or synthetic analogs ofvitamins, vitamers, compounds and/or derivatives that exhibit thebiologically activity of vitamins, isomers of these compounds,stereoisomers of these compounds, salts of these compounds, orcombinations thereof.

Suitable vitamins for gum health can include Vitamin A, such as retinoidcompound, Vitamin B, including Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2(riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid),Vitamin B6, Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin B9 (folic acid and/or folate),Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, VitaminK, and/or combinations thereof. Vitamins can also include othervitamin-like compounds, such as choline, carnitine, or combinationsthereof.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.0001% to about 10%,from about 0.01% to about 5%, or from about 0.01% to about 2%, by weightof the composition, of vitamin.

Retinoid Compound

The compositions of the present invention can comprise one or moreretinoid compounds. As used herein, “retinoid compound” includes allnatural and/or synthetic analogs of Vitamin A or retinollike compoundsthat possess the biological activity of Vitamin A in the skin as well asthe geometric isomers and stereoisomers of these compounds. The retinoidcompound can, for example, be retinol, retinyl esters (e.g., C-C alkylesters of retinol, including retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate, retinylpropionate), retinal, and/or retinoic acid (including all-trans retinoicacid and/or 13-cis-retinoic acid). In some embodiments, retinoids otherthan retinoic acid are used. These compounds are available in the artand are commercially available from several sources, e.g., SigmaChemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.), and Boehringer Mannheim(Indianapolis, Ind.). Other suitable retinoids are tocopherylretinoate,tocopherol ester of cis- or trans-retinoic acid, adapalene(6-3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl-2-naphthoic acid), and tazarotene(ethyl 6-2-(4.4-dimethylthiochroman-6-yl)-ethynylnicotinate). Desirableretinoids include retinol, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, retinylacetate, retinyl propionate, retinal, and combinations thereof.

The retinoid compound may be included as the substantially purematerial, or as an extract obtained by suitable physical and/or chemicalisolation from natural (e.g., plant) sources. The retinoid compound canbe substantially pure, or essentially pure. The compositions of thisinvention may contain a safe and effective amount of the retinoidcompound, such that the toothpaste composition is safe and effective forregulating or improving the condition of keratinous tissues andaccidental ingestion since applied to the oral cavity.

The retinoid compound can comprise retinol, retinyl ester, retinal,retinoic acid, tocopherylretinoate, tocopherol ester of cis- ortrans-retinoic acid, isotretinoin, alitretinoin, etretinate, acitretin,adapalene, bexarotene, tazarotene, or combinations thereof. The retinoidcompound can be pharmaceutical grade, USP, or the like grade, due to usein the oral cavity. The retinoid compound and/or the retinol can have apurity of at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 99%, atleast about 99.5%, or at least about 99.9%. The toothpaste compositioncan comprise from about 0.0001% to about 10%, from about 0.01% to about5%, or from about 0.01% to about 2%, by weight of the composition, ofretinoid compound. The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 1ppm to about 10,000 ppm, from about 500 ppm to about 5000 ppm, fromabout 750 ppm to about 5000 ppm, from about 1000 ppm to about 2500 ppm,about 1500 ppm, or about 2250 ppm of retinoid compound. Amounts ofretinoid compound that are greater than about 5000 ppm are thought tolead to toxicity concerns for formulating with toothpaste compositions,which would not be present in skin care compositions.

The retinoid compound can comprise retinol comprising cis- and/or trans-alkene functional groups. The retinol can comprise at least about 80%,at least about 90%, at least about 95%, and/or at least about 99% oftrans-alkene functional groups.

The retinoid compound can also comprise surfactant, such as anionicsurfactant, cationic surfactant, and/or nonionic surfactant, which canimprove gum barrier permeability. Suitable surfactants can includepolysorbate.

Peptide

The toothpaste composition can comprise peptide. A peptide is a linearorganic polymer consisting of a number of amino-acid residues bondedtogether in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a proteinmolecule. The peptide can comprise from two amino acids to ten aminoacids, from two amino acids to five amino acids, or from four aminoacids to six amino acids.

Peptides, including but not limited to, di-, tri-, tetra-, andpentapeptides and derivatives thereof, may be included in thecompositions of the present invention in amounts that are safe andeffective, including safe and effective for ingestion. As used herein,“peptides’ refers to both the naturally occurring peptides andsynthesized peptides. Also, useful herein are naturally occurring andcommercially available compositions that contain peptides.

Suitable dipeptides for use herein include, for example, Carnosine(beta-ala-his). Suitable tripeptides for use herein include, forexample, gly-his-lys, arg-lys-arg, and/or his-gly-gly. Suitabletripeptide derivatives include palmitoyl-gly-his-lys, which may bepurchased as Biopeptide CLTM (100 ppm of palmitoyl-gly his-lyscommercially available from Sederma, France); Peptide CK (arg-lys-arg);Peptide CK(ac-arg-lys-arg-NH₂); and a copper derivative of his-gly-glysold commercially as Iamin, from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Suitabletetrapeptides for use herein include, for example, Peptide E,arg-ser-arg-lys.

Suitable pentapeptides for use herein include lys-thr-thr-lys-ser. Apreferred commercially available pentapeptide derivative composition isMatrixyl™, which contains 100 ppm palmitoyl-lys-thr-thr-lys-ser(commercially available from Sederma France).

The peptide can comprise palmitoyl-lys-thr-thr lys-ser,palmitoyl-gly-his-lys, beta-ala-his, their derivatives, and/orcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the peptide comprisespalmitoyl-lys-thr-thr-lys-ser, palmitoyl-gly-his-lys, their derivatives,or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the peptide comprisespalmitoyl-lys-thr-thr-lys-ser (pal-KTTKS) and/or derivatives thereof.Other suitable peptides include gly-his-ly (GHK), gly-glu-lys-gly(GEKG), or combinations thereof.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.0001% to about 10%,from about 0.01% to about 5%, from about 0.001% to about 5%, from about0.01% to about 2%, or from about 0.0001% to about 1%, by weight of thecomposition of peptide. The toothpaste composition can comprise fromabout 1 ppm to about 1000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, fromabout 3 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 10000 ppm, byweight of the toothpaste composition, of peptide. Amounts of peptidethat are greater than about 10000 ppm are thought to lead to toxicityconcerns for formulating with toothpaste compositions, which would notbe present in skin care compositions.

Humectant

The toothpaste composition can comprise one or more humectants, have lowlevels of humectant, be free of humectant, be substantially free ofhumectant, and/or essentially free of humectant. Humectants serve to addbody or “mouth texture” to an toothpaste composition or dentifrice aswell as preventing the dentifrice from drying out. Suitable humectantsinclude polyethylene glycol (at a variety of different molecularweights), propylene glycol, glycerin (glycerol), erythritol, xylitol,sorbitol, mannitol, butylene glycol, lactitol, hydrogenated starchhydrolysates, and/or mixtures thereof. The toothpaste composition cancomprise one or more humectants each at a level of from 0 to about 70%,from about 5% to about 50%, from about 10% to about 60%, or from about20% to about 80%, by weight of the toothpaste composition.

Humulus lupulus

The toothpaste compositions of the present invention can comprise hops.The hops can comprise at least one hops compound from Formula IV and/orFormula VII. The compound from Formula IV and/or Formula VII can beprovided by any suitable source, such as an extract from Humulus lupulusor Hops, Humulus lupulus itself, a synthetically derived compound,and/or salts, prodrugs, or other analogs thereof. The hops extract cancomprise one or more hops alpha acids, one or more hops iso-alpha acids,one or more hops beta acids, one or more hops oils, one or moreflavonoids, one or more solvents, and/or water. Suitable hops alphaacids (generically shown in Formula IV) can include humulone (FormulaV), adhumulone, cohumulone, posthumulone, prehumulone, and/or mixturesthereof. Suitable hops iso-alpha acids can include cis-isohumuloneand/or trans-isohumulone. The isomerization of humulone intocis-isohumulone and trans-isohumulone can be represented by Formula VI.

A is the acidic hydroxyl functional group in the alpha position, B arethe acidic hydroxyl functional groups in the beta position, and R is analkyl functional group.

Suitable hops beta acids can include lupulone, adlupulone, colupulone,and/or mixtures thereof. A suitable hops beta acid can include acompound a described in Formula VII, VIII, IX, and/or X.

B are the acidic hydroxyl functional groups in the beta position and Ris an alkyl functional group.

While hops alpha acids can demonstrate some antibacterial activity, hopsalpha acids also have a bitter taste. The bitterness provided by hopsalpha acids can be suitable for beer, but are not suitable for use intoothpaste compositions. In contrast, hops beta acids can be associatedwith a higher antibacterial and/or anticaries activity, but not asbitter a taste. Thus, a hops extract with a higher proportion of betaacids to alpha acids than normally found in nature, can be suitable foruse in toothpaste compositions for use as an antibacterial and/oranticaries agent.

A natural hops source can comprise from about 2% to about 12%, by weightof the hops source, of hops beta acids depending on the variety of hops.Hops extracts used in other contexts, such as in the brewing of beer,can comprise from about 15% to about 35%, by weight of the extract, ofhops beta acids. The hops extract desired herein can comprise at leastabout 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, from about 35% toabout 95%, from about 40% to about 90%, or from about 45% to about 99%,of hops beta acids. The hops beta acids can be in an acidic form (i.e.with attached hydrogen atom(s) to the hydroxl functional group(s)) or asa salt form.

A suitable hops extract is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No.7,910,140, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.The hops beta acids desired can be non-hydrogenated, partiallyhydrogenated by a non-naturally occurring chemical reaction, orhydrogenated by a non-naturally occurring chemical reaction. The hopsbeta acid can be essentially free of or substantially free ofhydrogenated hops beta acid and/or hops acid. A non-naturally occurringchemical reaction is a chemical reaction that was conducted with the aidof chemical compound not found within Humulus lupulus, such as achemical hydrogenation reaction conducted with high heat not normallyexperienced by Humulus lupulus in the wild and/or a metal catalyst.

A natural hops source can comprise from about 2% to about 12%, by weightof the hops source, of hops alpha acids. Hops extracts used in othercontexts, such as in the brewing of beer, can comprise from about 15% toabout 35%, by weight of the extract, of hops alpha acids. The hopsextract desired herein can comprise less than about 10%, less than about5%, less than about 1%, or less than about 0.5%, by weight of theextract, of hops alpha acids.

Hops oils can include terpene hydrocarbons, such as myrcene, humulene,caryophyllene, and/or mixtures thereof. The hops extract desired hereincan comprise less than 5%, less than 2.5%, or less than 2%, by weight ofthe extract, of one or more hops oils.

Flavonoids present in the hops extract can include xanthohumol,8-prenylnaringenin, isoxanthohumol, and/or mixtures thereof. The hopsextract can be substantially free of, essentially free of, free of, orhave less than 250 ppm, less than 150 ppm, and/or less than 100 ppm ofone or more flavonoids.

As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,863, hops acids have been previouslyadded to toothpaste compositions. However, the toothpaste compositionstaught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,863 only included up to 0.01%, by weightof the toothpaste composition. While not wishing to be bound by theory,it is believed that U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,863 could only incorporate a lowamount of hops acids because of the bitterness of hops alpha acids. Ahops extract with a low level of hops alpha acids would not have thisconcern.

The hops compound can be combined with or free from an extract fromanother plant, such as a species from genus Magnolia. The hops compoundscan be combined with or free from triclosan.

The toothpaste composition can comprise from about 0.01% to about 10%,greater than 0.01% to about 10%, from about 0.05%, to about 10%, fromabout 0.1% to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 10%, from about 0.2%to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 5%, from about 0.25% to about 2%,from about 0.05% to about 2%, or from greater than 0.25% to about 2%, ofhops, such as hops beta acid, as described herein. The hops, such as thehops beta acid, can be provided by a suitable hops extract, the hopsplant itself, or a synthetically derived compound. The hops, such ashops beta acid, can be provided as neutral, acidic compounds, and/or assalts with a suitable counter ion, such as sodium, potassium, ammonia,or any other suitable counter ion.

The hops can be provided by a hops extract, such as an extract fromHumulus lupulus with at least 35%, by weight of the extract, of hopsbeta acid and less than 1%, by weight of the hops extract, of hops alphaacid. The toothpaste composition can comprise 0.01% to about 10%,greater than 0.01% to about 10%, from about 0.05%, to about 10%, fromabout 0.1% to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 10%, from about 0.2%to about 10%, from about 0.2% to about 5%, from about 0.25% to about 2%,from about 0.05% to about 2%, or from greater than 0.25% to about 2%, ofhops extract, as described herein.

Prenylated Flavonoids

The toothpaste composition can comprise prenylated flavonoid. Flavonoidsare a group of natural substances found in a wide range of fruits,vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine.Flavonoids can have a variety of beneficial effects on health, such asantioxidative, antiinflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, andantibacterial benefits. Prenylated flavonoids are flavonoids thatinclude at least one prenyl functional group (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl, asshown in Formula XI), which has been previously identified to facilitateattachment to cell membranes. Thus, while not wishing to being bound bytheory, it is believed that the addition of a prenyl group, i.e.prenylation, to a flavonoid can increase the activity of the originalflavonoid by increasing the lipophilicity of the parent molecule andimproving the penetration of the prenylated molecule into the bacterialcell membrane. Increasing the lipophilicity to increase penetration intothe cell membrane can be a double-edged sword because the prenylatedflavonoid will tend towards insolubility at high Log P values (highlipophilicity). Log P can be an important indicator of antibacterialefficacy.

As such, the term prenylated flavonoids can include flavonoids foundnaturally with one or more prenyl functional groups, flavonoids with asynthetically added prenyl functional group, and/or prenylatedflavonoids with additional prenyl functional groups synthetically added.

Prenyl Function Group with R representing the other portions of themolecule

Other suitable functionalities of the parent molecule that improve thestructure-activity relationship (e.g,. structure-MIC relationship) ofthe prenylated molecule include additional heterocycles containingnitrogen or oxygen, alkylamino chains, or alkyl chains substituted ontoone or more of the aromatic rings of the parent flavonoid.

Flavonoids can have a 15-carbon skeleton with at least two phenyl ringsand at least one heterocyclic ring. Some suitable flavonoid backbonescan be shown in Formula XII (flavone backbone), Formula XIII (isoflavanbackbone), and/or Formula XIV (neoflavonoid backbone).

Other suitable subgroups of flavonoids include anthocyanidins,anthoxanthins, flavanones, flavanonols, flavans, isoflavonoids,chalcones and/or combinations thereof.

Prenylated flavonoids can include naturally isolated prenylatedflavonoids or naturally isolated flavonoids that are syntheticallyaltered to add one or more prenyl functional groups through a variety ofsynthetic processes that would be known to a person of ordinary skill inthe art of synthetic organic chemistry.

Other suitable prenylated flavonoids can include Bavachalcone, Bavachin,Bavachinin, Corylifol A, Epimedin A, Epimedin A1, Epimedin B, EpimedinC, Icariin, Icariside I, Icariside II, Icaritin, Isobavachalcone,Isoxanthohumol, Neobavaisoflavone, 6-Prenylnaringenin,8-Prenylnaringenin, Sophoraflavanone G, (-)-Sophoranone, Xanthohumol,Quercetin, Macelignan, Kuraridin, Kurarinone, Kuwanon G, Kuwanon C,Panduratin A, 6-geranylnaringenin, Australone A,6,8-Diprenyleriodictyol, dorsmanin C, dorsmanin F, 8-Prenylkaempferol,7-O-Methylluteone, luteone, 6-prenylgenistein, isowighteone,lupiwighteone, and/or combinations thereof. Other suitable prenylatedflavonoids include cannflavins, such as Cannflavin A, Cannflavin B,and/or Cannflavin C.

Preferably, the prenylated flavonoid has a high probability of having anMIC of less than about 25 ppm for S. aureus, a gram-positive bacterium.Suitable prenylated flavonoids include Bavachin, Bavachinin, CorylifolA, Icaritin, Isoxanthohumol, Neobavaisoflavone, 6-Prenylnaringenin,8-Prenylnaringenin, Sophoraflavanone G, (-)-Sophoranone, Kurarinone,Kuwanon C, Panduratin A, and/or combinations thereof.

Preferably, the prenylated flavonoid has a high probability of having anMIC of less than about 25 ppm for E. coli, a gram-negative bacterium.Suitable prenylated flavonoids include Bavachinin, Isoxanthohumol,8-Prenylnaringenin, Sophoraflavanone G, Kurarinone, Panduratin A, and/orcombinations thereof.

Approximately 1000 prenylated flavonoids have been identified fromplants. According to the number of prenylated flavonoids reportedbefore, prenylated flavonones are the most common subclass andprenylated flavanols is the rarest sub-class. Even though naturalprenylated flavonoids have been detected to have diversely structuralcharacteristics, they have a narrow distribution in plants, which aredifferent to the parent flavonoids as they are present almost in allplants. Most of prenylated flavonoids are found in the followingfamilies, including Cannabaceae, Guttiferae, Leguminosae, Moraceae,Rutaceae and Umbelliferae. Leguminosae and Moraceae, due to theirconsumption as fruits and vegetables, are the most frequentlyinvestigated families and many novel prenylated flavonoids have beenexplored. Humulus lupulus of the Cannabaceae include 8-prenylnaringeninand xanthohumol, which can play a role in the health benefits of beer.

The prenylated flavonoid can be incorporated through a hops extract,incorporated in a separately added extract, or added as a separatecomponent of the toothpaste compositions disclosed herein.

Suitable prenylated flavonoids can have a particular octanol-waterpartitioning coefficient. The octanol-water partitioning coefficient canbe used to predict the lipophilicity of a compound. Without wishing tobeing bound by theory, it is believed that compounds that fall withinthe ranges described herein will be able to enter and/or disrupt theprimarily hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer that makes up the cellmembrane of microorganisms. Thus, the octanol-water partitioningcoefficient can be correlated to the antibacterial effect of prenylatedflavonoids. Suitable prenylated flavonoids can have a log P of at leastabout 2, at least about 4, from about 2 to about 10, from about 4 toabout 10, from about 4 to about 7, or from about 4 to about 6.

The toothpaste composition can comprise at least about 0.001%, fromabout 0.001% to about 5%, from about 0.01% to about 2%, from about0.0001% to about 2%, or at least about 0.05% of prenylated flavonoid.

Other Ingredients

The toothpaste composition can comprise a variety of other ingredients,such as flavoring agents, sweeteners, colorants, preservatives,buffering agents, or other ingredients suitable for use in toothpastecompositions, as described below.

Flavoring agents also can be added to the toothpaste composition.Suitable flavoring agents include oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermint,oil of spearmint, clove bud oil, menthol, anethole, methyl salicylate,eucalyptol, cassia, 1-menthyl acetate, sage, eugenol, parsley oil,oxanone, alpha-irisone, marjoram, lemon, orange, propenyl guaethol,cinnamon, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, heliotropine, 4-cisheptenal,diacetyl, methyl-para-tert-butyl phenyl acetate, and mixtures thereof.Coolants may also be part of the flavor system. Preferred coolants inthe present compositions are the paramenthan carboxyamide agents such asN-ethyl-p-menthan-3-carboxamide (known commercially as “WS-3”) orN-(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-3-p-menthanecarboxamide (known commercially as“WS-5”), and mixtures thereof. A flavor system is generally used in thecompositions at levels of from about 0.001 % to about 5%, by weight ofthe toothpaste composition. These flavoring agents generally comprisemixtures of aldehydes, ketones, esters, phenols, acids, and aliphatic,aromatic and other alcohols.

Sweeteners can be added to the toothpaste composition to impart apleasing taste to the product. Suitable sweeteners include saccharin (assodium, potassium or calcium saccharin), cyclamate (as a sodium,potassium or calcium salt), acesulfame-K, thaumatin, neohesperidindihydrochalcone, ammoniated glycyrrhizin, dextrose, levulose, sucrose,mannose, sucralose, stevia, and glucose.

Colorants can be added to improve the aesthetic appearance of theproduct. Suitable colorants include without limitation those colorantsapproved by appropriate regulatory bodies such as the FDA and thoselisted in the European Food and Pharmaceutical Directives and includepigments, such as TiO₂, and colors such as FD&C and D&C dyes.

Preservatives also can be added to the toothpaste compositions toprevent bacterial growth. Suitable preservatives approved for use inoral compositions such as methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid,and sodium benzoate can be added in safe and effective amounts.

Titanium dioxide may also be added to the present composition. Titaniumdioxide is a white powder which adds opacity to the compositions.Titanium dioxide generally comprises from about 0.25% to about 5%, byweight of the toothpaste composition.

Other ingredients can be used in the toothpaste composition, such asdesensitizing agents, healing agents, other caries preventative agents,chelating/sequestering agents, vitamins, proteins, otheranti-plaque/anti-calculus agents, antibiotics, anti-enzymes, enzymes, pHcontrol agents, oxidizing agents, antioxidants, and the like.

Methods of Using the Compositions and/or Delivery Systems

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion toothpaste composition can be used inthe treatment, reduction, and/or prevention of caries, cavities,gingivitis, and/or combinations thereof.

The user can be instructed to apply a portion of the toothpaste onto atoothbrush. The portion of the toothpaste can be of any suitable shape,such as strip, a pea-sized amount, or various other shapes that wouldfit onto any mechanical and/or manual brush head. The user can beinstructed to apply a strip of the toothpaste that is at least about 1inch, at least about 0.5 inch, at least 1 inch, and/or at least 0.5 inchlong to the bristles of a toothbrush, such as soft-bristled toothbrush.

The user can be instructed to apply pea-sized or grain of rice-sizedportion of the toothpaste to the bristles of a toothbrush, such as inthe case of use by children of less than 6 years old and/or less than 2years old.

The user can be instructed to brush their teeth for at least about 30seconds, at least about 1 minute, at least about 90 seconds, at leastabout 2 minutes, at least 30 seconds, at least 1 minute, at least 90seconds, and/or at least 2 minutes.

The user can be instructed to brush their teeth thoroughly and/or asdirected by a physician and/or dentist.

The user can be instructed to brush their teeth after each meal. Theuser can be instructed to brush their teeth at least once per day, atleast twice per day, and/or at least three times per day. The user canbe instructed to brush their teeth no more than three times a day, suchas to prevent Sn staining. The user can be instructed to brush theirteeth in the morning and/or in the evening prior to sleeping.

The user can be instructed to not swallow the toothpaste composition dueto the inclusion of ingredients that are not suitable for ingestion,such as fluoride. The user may be instructed to expectorate (or spitout) the toothpaste composition after the cessation of the brushingcycle.

The usage instructions for the toothpaste, can vary based on age. Forexample, adults and children that are at least 6 or at least 2 can haveone usage instruction while children under 6 or under 2 can have asecond usage instruction.

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion toothpaste can be used in a multi-steporal health regimen. A first composition comprising jammed oil-in-wateremulsion toothpaste comprising first oral care active, such as peroxide,fluoride, and/or tin, can be used as the first step in the oral healthregimen. A second oral care composition comprising second oral careactive, such as peroxide, fluoride, and/or tin, can be used as thesecond step in the oral health regimen.

The oral health regimen can comprise: (1) directing a user to apply afirst composition to an oral cavity of the user, the first compositioncomprising a jammed oil-in-water toothpaste composition, the jammedoil-in-water toothpaste composition comprising fluoride and/or tin and(2) directing the user to apply a second composition to the oral cavityof the user, the second composition comprising peroxide. The secondcomposition can be a jammed oil-in-water emulsion composition, amulti-phase oral care composition, or a single-phase oral carecomposition. Application of fluoride and/or tin followed by peroxide canbe particularly advantageous to the user.

The oral health regimen can comprise: (1) directing a user to apply afirst composition to an oral cavity of the user, the first compositioncomprising a jammed oil-in-water toothpaste composition, the jammedoil-in-water toothpaste composition comprising anti sensitivity compoundand (2) directing the user to apply a second composition to the oralcavity of the user, the second composition comprising peroxide. Thesecond composition can be a jammed oil-in-water emulsion composition, amulti-phase oral care composition, or a single-phase oral carecomposition. Application of antisensitivity compound followed byperoxide can be particularly advantageous to the user to minimizesensitivity that can be experienced by some uses of peroxide.

The present invention can also be applied to the teeth of a consumer inthe dental office by a dental professional, or the present invention canbe applied at home by the consumer. Generally, the recommended treatmentperiod is a sufficient period of time to achieve whitening.

The composition can also be applied with a paint-on device, a syringe orunit dose syringe, squeezable tube, a brush, a pen or brush tipapplicator, a doe’s foot applicator, swab, lip gloss applicator, stripthat is removed after application, tray that is removed afterapplication, or the like, or even with the fingers. The composition canalso be combined with a delivery carrier, such as a strip of material, adental tray, or a sponge material, and thereafter applied to the teeth.In certain aspects, the compositions or delivery systems herein arealmost unnoticeable when applied to the teeth. After a desired period oftime has elapsed, any residual composition may be easily removed bywiping, brushing or rinsing the oral surface.

The described compositions and delivery systems, described herein, maybe combined in a kit which comprises: 1. present composition and 2.instructions for use; or which comprises: 1. present composition, 2.instructions for use, and 3. a delivery carrier. In addition, if thetooth shall be radiated by electromagnetic radiation, the kit mayfurther comprise an electromagnetic radiation source of the appropriatewavelength and instruction for use, so that the kit can be used byconsumers in a convenient manner.

Optional Electromagnetic Radiation Treatment

The multi-phase oral care composition as disclosed herein may be used towhiten teeth and/or removing stain from tooth surfaces. In addition, thebleaching efficacy may be further increased by directing electromagneticradiation of a suitable wavelength toward at least one tooth. A suitablewavelength may be any wavelength, which corresponds to a maximumabsorption band of the tooth and/or the tooth stain to be bleached. Forexample, the multi-phase oral care composition may be radiated with anelectromagnetic radiation with one or more wavelengths in the range offrom about 200 nm to about 1200 nm. The electromagnetic radiation may bedirected toward at least one tooth. In addition, more than one tooth maybe irradiated. For example, the electromagnetic radiation may have apeak intensity at one or more wavelengths in the range of from about 1nm to about 750 nm, from about 200 nm to about 700 nm, from about 300 nmto about 700 nm, from about 400 nm to about 600 nm, from about 400 nm toabout 500 nm, or up to about 750 nm. Additionally, the electromagneticradiation may have a peak intensity at one or more wavelengths in therange of from about 400, 405, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 435, 440, or 445,446 nm to about 450, 455, 460, 465, 470, 475, 480, 481, 485, 490, 495,or 500 nm or any other numerical range, which is narrower and whichfalls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numericalranges were all expressly written herein. The electromagnetic radiationcan have a peak intensity at a wavelength in the range of from about 425nm to about 475 nm, from about 445 nm to about 465 nm, or wherein thepeak intensity wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation is similar tothe wavelength at which the stain absorbs the most electromagneticradiation. Electromagnetic radiation may be directed toward at least onetooth for partial or whole wearing time of the composition; or after thecomposition has been removed from the tooth. Electromagnetic radiationmay be applied at least for a sufficient period of time for whitening,e.g. for at least about 1 minute, for at least about 5 minutes, or forat least about 10 min. The electromagnetic radiation may be appliedusing the procedure disclosed in US 2013/0295525. Preferably themulti-phase oral care composition as disclosed herein is applied to atleast one tooth and maintained on the at least one tooth for a firstperiod of time; after the first period of time electromagnetic radiationis directed toward the at least one tooth for a second period of time,wherein the first period of time has a duration greater than 50%,preferably 80% of a total duration of the first and second periods oftime; and finally, the multi-phase oral care composition is removed fromthe at least one tooth. Suitable sources of electromagnetic radiationinclude the sources described herein.

The multi-phase oral care compositions as disclosed herein may betransparent or translucent to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengthsfrom about 400 nm to about 500 nm. In certain aspects, the multi-phaseoral care compositions as disclosed herein when applied in a thicknessof from about 0.0001, 0.001, or 0.01 cm to about 0.01, 0.1, or 0.5 cmthick allow from about 10%, 20%, or 30% to about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90%, or 100% of electromagnetic radiation at one or morewavelengths in the range of from about 1 nm to about 750 nm, from about200 nm to about 700 nm, from about 300 nm to about 700 nm, from about400 nm to about 600 nm, from about 400 nm to about 500 nm, or up toabout 750 nm to pass through, as measured by a spectrophotometer. When amulti-phase oral care composition is applied in a thickness of about 0.1cm, from about 80% to about 100% of electromagnetic radiation from about400 nm to about 500 nm can pass through, as measured by aspectrophotometer. The multi-phase oral care compositions, as disclosedherein, may when applied in an amount from about 0.0001, 0.001, or 0.01grams to about 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 5 grams, on a delivery carrier or traywith a surface area from about 5 cm² to about 20 cm², allow from about10%, 20%, or 30% to about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% ofelectromagnetic radiation from about 400 nm to about 500 nm to passthrough.

The electromagnetic radiation impinging on the surface of the tooth orouter surface of the carrier, which may be a strip or tray, at one ormore wavelengths in the range of from about 1 nm to about 750 nm, fromabout 200 nm to about 700 nm, from about 300 nm to about 700 nm, fromabout 400 nm to about 600 nm, from about 400 nm to about 500 nm, or upto about 750 nm. May range in intensity from about 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, or100 mW/cm² to about 10000, 5000, 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 225, 205, 200,175, 150, 125, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, or 5 mW/cm² or any other numericalrange, which is narrower and which falls within such broader numericalrange, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly writtenherein.

The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation can be measured using aspectrometer (USB 2000+ from Ocean Optics) connected to a UV-VIS 200micron fiber-optic cable with a cosine corrector at the tip (OP200-2-UV-VIS from Ocean Optics). The spectrometer is connected to acomputer running the spectrometer software (Oceanview 1.3.4 from OceanOptics). The tip of the fiber-optic cable is held pointing toward thelight source at the location where the light intensity is to bemeasured. The photons collected at the detector surface are guided viathe fiber-optic cable to the charge-coupled device in the spectrometer(CCD). The CCD counts photons arriving to the CCD during apre-determined time period at each wavelength from 200 nm to 1100 nm,and uses a software algorithm to convert these photon counts to spectralirradiance (mW/cm²/nm). The spectral irradiance is integrated from 200nm to 1100 nm by the software to yield the Absolute Irradiance (mW/cm²),which is the intensity of electromagnetic radiation from 200 nm to 1100nm. The spectral irradiance is integrated from 400 nm to 500 nm by thesoftware to yield the Absolute Irradiance (mW/cm²), which is theintensity of electromagnetic radiation from 400 nm to 500 nm.

For consumer convenience, the multi-phase oral care composition asdisclosed herein may be provided as a Kit comprising the bleachingcomposition as disclosed herein, a delivery carrier for easierapplication, an electromagnetic radiation source emittingelectromagnetic radiation in a suitable wavelength, and instructions foruse.

The electromagnetic radiation source emitting electromagnetic radiationin a suitable wavelength can be a device capable of producingelectromagnetic radiation, such as the devices described in US Pat. No.10,099,064, or curing lights used in dental offices, or devices similarto that described in the clinical protocol section specified herein.

The compositions of this invention are useful for both human and otheranimals (e.g. pets, zoo, or domestic animals) applications.

Packaging Materials for the Toothpaste Compositions

The jammed oil-in-water emulsion toothpaste composition can includeprimary packaging, such as a tube, bottle, and/or tub. The primarypackage can be placed within secondary package, such as a carton, shrinkwrap, or the like. The oral care product can include a primary package,but be free of a secondary package to reduce materials used.

Instructions for use of the oral care composition can be printed on theprimary package and/or the secondary package. The user can be instructedto dispense the toothpaste from the toothpaste tube.

The primary and/or secondary packaging can be made from material thatare sustainable, recyclable, compostable, and/or disintegrable. Thetoothpaste tube can be made entirely from materials that can berecyclable in commercial and/or municipal recycling streams. The usercan be instructed to place the primary packaging, such as a toothpastetube, and/or the secondary packaging, such as a carton, directly into ahome recycling container to be picked up by a recycling service, and/orinto a store-hosted collected receptacle. Suitable materials that can berecyclable include paper, cardboard paper, corrugated cardboard,polyethene, such as low density polyethylene, medium densitypolyethylene, and/or high density polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, aluminum, glass, polypropylene,polystyrene, and/or combinations thereof. The primary and/or secondarypackaging can be made from a single material, such as high densitypolyethylene, so that commercial and/or municipal recycling streams arenot poisoned with another material that can be difficult to remove.

CLINICAL PROTOCOL

The bleaching efficacies of compositions are measured according to thefollowing clinical protocol. Per treatment group, 17 to 25 participantsare recruited to complete the clinical study when testing compositionswith less than about 1% bleaching agent, and 8 to 25 participants whentesting compositions with at least about 1% bleaching agent. Recruitedparticipants must have four natural maxillary incisors with allmeasurable facial sites. The mean baseline L* of the group ofparticipants must be from 71 to 76, and the mean baseline b* of thegroup of participants must be from 13 to 18. In addition, participantswith malocclusion on maxillary anterior teeth, severe or atypicalintrinsic staining, such as that caused by tetracycline, fluorosis orhypo-calcification, dental crowns or restorations on the facial surfacesof maxillary anterior teeth, self-reported medical history of melanoma,current smoking or tobacco use, light-sensitivity or a pigmentation skindisorder, self-reported tooth sensitivity, or previous tooth whiteningusing a professional treatment, over-the-counter kit, or investigationalproduct, are excluded from the study. Participants are provided withtake-home kits with Crest Cavity Protection toothpaste and Oral-BIndicator soft manual toothbrush (both from Procter & Gamble,Cincinnati, OH, USA) to be used twice a day in the customary manner.

The participants use a toothbrush to brush their teeth with thecomposition for a specified period of time for a specified number oftimes per day for a specified number of days.

The change in tooth color due to the treatment with the composition ismeasured using the procedure described below.

Tooth color is measured using a digital camera having a lens equippedwith a polarizer filter (Camera model no. CANON EOS 70D from Canon Inc.,Melville, NY with NIKON 55 mm micro-NIKKOR lens with adapter). The lightsystem is provided by Dedo lights (model number DLH2) equipped with 150watt, 24 V bulbs model number (Xenophot model number HL X64640),positioned about 30 cm apart (measured from the center of the externalcircular surface of one of the glass lens through which the light exitsto the other) and aimed at a 45 degree angle, such that the light pathsintersect at the vertical plane of the chin rest about 36 cm in front ofthe focal plane of the camera. Each light has a polarizing filter (Lee201 filter), and a cutoff filter (Rosco 7 mil Thermashield filter fromRosco, Stamford, CT, USA).

At the intersection of the light paths, a fixed chin rest is mounted forreproducible repositioning in the light field. The camera is placedbetween the two lights such that its focal plane is about 36 cm from thevertical plane of the chin rest. Prior to beginning the measurement oftooth color, color standards are imaged to establish calibrationset-points. A Munsell N8 grey standard is imaged first. The whitebalance of the camera is adjusted, such that the RGB values of grey are200. Color standards are imaged to get standard RGB values of the colorchips. The color standards and grey standard are listed below (fromMunsell Color, Division of X-rite, Grand Rapids, MI, USA). Each colorstandard is labeled with the Munsell nomenclature. To create a grid ofcolor standards they can be arranged in the following manner. Thisenables multiple color standards to be contained in a single imagecaptured of the grid of color standards.

Grid 1 Color standard 7.5R 6 8 2.5R 6 10 10YR 6.5 3 POLARIZATION CHECK5R 7 8 N 3.5 0 7.5RP 6 6 10R 5 8 5YR 7 3 2.5Y 8.5 2 2.2YR 6.47 4.1 7.5YR7 4 5YR 8 2 N 8 0 10R 7 4 N 8 0 5YR 7.5 2.5 2.5Y 8 4 5YR 7 3.5 5YR 7 2.55YR 5 2 5YR 7.5 2 N 6.5 0 N 9.5 0

Grid 2 Color standard 5YR 7.5 3.5 2.5Y 6 4 10YR 7.5 3.5 2.5R 7 8 7.5R 78 10YR 7.5 2 10YR 7.5 2.5 N 5 0 2.5R 6 8 10YR 7 2 5R 7 4 10YR 7 2.5 N6.5 0 7.5RP 6 8 7.5R 8 4 5Y 8 1 7.5YR 8 2 2.2YR 6.47 4.1 N 5 0 2.5Y 8 410YR 7 3 N 9.5 0 10RP 7 4 2.5Y 7 2

Grid 3 Color standard 5R 6 10 N 8.5 0 10YR 6.5 3.5 10RP 6 10 N 8 0 7.5YR7 3 2.5Y 3.5 0 10YR 7 3.5 5Y 8.5 1 5YR 8 2.5 5YR 7.5 3 5R 5 6 10YR 7.5 35YR 6.5 3.5 2.5YR 5 4 2.5Y 8 2 10YR 8 2 2.5Y 7 2 2.5R 6 6 5R 7 6 10YR 82.5 10R 5 6 N 6.5 0 7.5YR 8 3

For baseline tooth color, participants use a toothbrush (“Anchor 41 tuftwhite toothbrush” from Team Technologies, Inc. Morristown, TN, USA) tobrush their teeth with water to remove debris from their teeth. Eachparticipant then uses cheek retractors (from Washington ScientificCamera Company, Sumner, WA, USA; treated with at frosted matte finish atA&B Deburring Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA) to pull the cheeks back andallow the facial surfaces of their teeth to be illuminated. Eachparticipant is instructed to bite their teeth together such that theincisal edges of the maxillary incisors contact the incisal edges of themandibular incisors. The participants are then positioned on the chinrest at the intersection of the light paths in the center of the cameraview and the tooth images are captured. After all participants areimaged, the images are processed using image analysis software (Optimasmanufactured by Media Cybernetics, Inc. of Silver Spring, MD). Thecentral four incisors are isolated and the average RGB values of theteeth are extracted.

After the participants have used a whitening product, but prior tocapturing participant’s tooth images, the system is set to the baselineconfiguration and calibrated as previously discussed. After calibration,each participant is imaged a second time using the same procedure asbefore making sure the participant is in the same physical position asthe pre-treatment image including orientation of the teeth. The imagesare processed using the image analysis software to obtain the averageRGB values of the central four maxillary incisors. The RGB values of allof the images are then mapped into CIE L*'a*b* color space using the RGBvalues and the L*a*b* values of the color chips on the color standard.The L*a*b* values of the color chips on the color standard are measuredusing a Photo Research SpectraScan PR650 from Photo Research Inc., LAusing the same lighting conditions described for capturing digitalimages of the facial dentition. The PR650 is positioned the samedistance from the color standards as the camera. Each chip isindividually measured for L*a*b* after calibration according to themanufacturer’s instructions. The RGB values are then transformed intoL^(∗)a^(∗)b^(∗) values using regression equations such as:

-   L^(∗) = 25.16 + 12.02^(∗)(R/100) + 11.75^(∗)(G/100) -    2.75^(∗)(B/100) + 1.95^(∗)(G/100)³-   a^(∗) = -2.65 + 59.22^(∗)(R/100) -50.52^(∗)(G/100) +    0.20^(∗)(B/100) - 29.87^(∗)(R/100)² + 20.73^(∗)(G/100)² +    8.14^(∗)(R/100)³ - 9.17(G/100)³ + 3.64^(∗)[(B/100)²]^(∗)[R/100]-   b^(∗) = -0.70 + 37.04^(∗)(R/100) + 12.65^(∗)(G/100) -    53.81^(∗)(B/100) -18.14^(∗)(R/100)² + 23.16^(∗)(G/100)^(∗)(B/100) +    4.70^(∗)(R/100)³ - 6.45^(∗)(B/100)³

The R² for L^(∗), a^(∗), and b^(∗) should be > 0.95. Each study shouldhave its own equations.

These equations are generally valid transformations in the area of toothcolor (60 < L^(∗) < 95, 0 < a^(∗) < 14, 6 < b^(∗) < 25). The data fromeach participant’s set of images is then used to calculate productwhitening performance in terms of changes in L^(∗), a^(∗) and b^(∗) -astandard method used for assessing whitening benefits. Changes in L^(∗)is defined as ΔL^(∗) = L^(∗) _(after treatments) - L^(∗) _(baseline)where a positive change indicates improvement in brightness; Changes ina^(∗) (red-green balance) is defined as Δa^(∗) = a^(∗)_(after treatments) - a^(∗) _(baseline) where a negative changeindicates teeth which are less red; Changes in b^(∗) (yellow-bluebalance) is defined as Δb^(∗) = b^(∗) _(after treatments) - b^(∗)_(baseline) where a negative change indicates teeth are becoming lessyellow. -Δb^(∗) is used as the primary measure of bleaching efficacy.The overall color change is calculated by the equation ΔE = (ΔL^(∗2) +Δa^(∗2) + Δb^(∗2))^(½).

After using the whitening products, color changes in CIE Lab color spacecan be calculated for each participant based on the equations given.

Preparation of the Present Multi-Phase Oral Care Compositions

Preparation of emulsions is well known in the art and any suitablemanufacturing process can be used to make the multi-phase oral carecompositions which may be in the form of an emulsion; see for example,Remington: the Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19^(th) ed., Vol. II,Chapters 20, 80, 86, etc. Generally, the components are separated intothose that are oil-soluble and those that are water-soluble. These aredissolved in their respective solvents by heating if necessary. The twophases are then mixed and the product is stirred and cooled. Aftercombining the phases, the present multi-phase oral care compositions,which may be in the form of emulsions may be agitated or sheared byvarious methods, including shaking, intermittent shaking, high shearmixing, or by using high speed mixers, blenders, colloid mills,homogenizers, or ultrasonic techniques. Depending on the specificingredients, it may be recognized by one of skill in the art thatcertain modifications may need to be made to the manufacturing processto accommodate the specific properties of the ingredients. The type ofmulti-phase oral care composition prepared may be observed using amicroscope. Further description of test methods are disclosed inRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19^(th) ed., volume 1,1995, pp. 282-283.

In certain aspects, multi-phase oral care compositions, which may be inthe form of a jammed oil-in-water emulsion, as disclosed herein may bemade as follows:

-   1) The water-soluble ingredients are dissolved in the aqueous phase,    and the oil-soluble components in the hydrophobic phase.-   2) The hydrophobic phase is added to the aqueous phase in portions    in a SpeedMixer container with thorough mixing (2 minutes at 800 RPM    in a Speedmixer for example) between portions. Ideally, 1) the size    of the initial portion is less than 20% of the amount aqueous    phase, 2) the size of subsequent portions may be increased gradually    toward the amount of aqueous phase, and 3) the size of each portion    is less than the amount of aqueous phase. As the jamming    concentration is approached, an oil-in-water emulsion forms during    this step, and the composition develops a lotion-like semisolid    consistency - this is evidence that the droplets of the hydrophobic    phase are jammed against each other and deform each other (note,    they are still separated by a region of aqueous phase). This jamming    is evidenced by the development of a lotion-like consistency of the    composition.-   3) Once all the hydrophobic phase has been incorporated, the    contents of the Speedmixer container are mixed 3 times at 800 RPM    for 2 minutes each time in a Speedmixer.

Note, in certain aspects, 1) it may be possible to add the hydrophobicphase to the aqueous phase at a suitably slow but continuous or pulsedrate with concurrent mixing in step-2 above, and 2) the mixing in step-3above may be accomplished with other types of mixers over variouslengths of time, such as a recirculation loop through static mixers,rotor-stator mixers, or other mixing devices, such as those described inthe Handbook of Industrial Mixing.

The mixing procedure of the SpeedMixer™ series is based on the doublerotation of the mixing cup using a dual asymmetric centrifugal mixing.This combination of centrifugal forces acting on different levelsenables very rapid mixing of the entire cup. Optionally the compositionmay be heated, if necessary, to facilitate mixing. When the active isincluded in solid particulate form, the addition of an optionalviscosity modifier, may be appropriate to keep the solid particulatedispersed and suspended within the composition. Flavorants or sweetenersmay also be added to one of the phases of the composition, as desired.Thereafter the composition may be added to the delivery carrier, asdesired.

METHODS

Method To Measure The Dv 50, D[4,3], and D[3,2] of Droplets or Regionsof Hydrophobic Phase Of A Multi-phase oral care composition

-   1. Weigh 0.20 g (+/- 0.02 g) of the sample to be tested into a 20 ml    HDPE scintillation vial (VWR 66021-690).-   2. Add water (for example WFI Quality OmniPur Sterile Filtered    CAS#7732-18-5) 19.80 g (+/-0.02 g) to the vial and secure cap.-   3. Roll the vial on a countertop gently until the sample to be    tested is dispersed throughout the water. Avoid shaking or mixing    vigorously. Agitation beyond that specified may alter the droplet    size thereby leading to a result that is not representative of the    starting sample.-   4. Set up the Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Panalytical Inc.,    Westborough, MA) and the Hydro unit (Model #MAZ3210), and ensure the    hoses are securely attached.-   5. Add water (for example MilliporeSigma Ultrapure Lab water system)    to the lowest edge of silver rim and initialize the system (this    measures the background).-   6. When the system is ready, roll the vial gently about 4 or 5 times    to mix the contents, and then slowly pipet contents of the vial    (generally from about 0.1 gram to about 5 grams) using a 1.7 ml    pipet (VWR #414004-031) into the Hydro unit until Obscuration is in    range to be measured (1-10%). If the obscuration % is >10%, remove    some of the sample solution from the vessel and add water (for    example MilliporeSigma Ultrapure Lab water system) until Obscuration    is less than 10%.-   7. Start testing. Testing is done for 10 measurements and the sample    is flushed upon completion. Stirrer speed is set at 500 rpm.-   8. Add water when indicated for rinsing the system between samples    (water is added generally about 5 to 6 times)-   9. Repeat testing 2 more times with rinses in between.-   10. Record the average Dv 50, D[4,3], and D[3,2] for each set of    data (10 measurements x 3 replications).

Additional information on the use of the Mastersizer 3000 can be foundin the user manual (MAN0474 MRK1953-0 on the websitemalvempanalytical.com).

Owing to the delicate nature of the emulsion and possibility of changingthe droplet size during sample preparation, it is recommended tovalidate the method. To validate the above method, the D[4,3] ofValidation Composition A made according to the procedure specifiedherein must be measured and demonstrated to be from 15 microns to 30microns.

VALIDATION COMPOSITION A Weight%^(∗) 35% aqueous solution of H₂O₂ ¹8.5714 PEG-20 Sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20)² 1 Mineral oil³ 90.4286 %H₂O₂ 3 % Aqueous phase 9.5714 % Hydrophobic phase 90.4286 % Aqueousphase by volume 7.57190 % Hydrophobic phase by volume 92.4290 ¹Ultracosmetic grade 35% from Solvay, Houston, TX ²Tween20-LQ-(AP) from CrodaInc. Edison, NJ ³Kaydol grade from Sonneborn LLC., Parsippany, NJ ^(∗)%wt of total multi-phase composition unless otherwise indicated

Batches of Validation Composition A are made according to the followingprocedure:

-   1. The Tween 20 and aqueous solution of H2O2 were weighed into a    Speedmixer container (Max 300 Long Cup Translucent item number 501    218t or Max 300 X Long Cup Translucent item number 501 217t, for the    150-gram and 250-gram batches, all containers from Flacktek Inc.,    Landrum, SC) and mixed by manually swirling the container until    dissolved.-   2. The mineral oil was added in portions (see table below, generally    starting with small portions and increasing to larger portions) and    mixed for about 1 to 2 minutes between portions with a rubber    spatula. An oil-in-water emulsion formed during this step, and the    composition developed a lotion-like semisolid consistency.-   3. Once all the mineral oil was added, the contents of the    Speedmixer container were mixed 3 times at 800 RPM for 2 minutes    each time in a Speedmixer.

VALIDATION COMPOSITION A Batch size (g) Approximate portion size (g)Batch-1 150 25 Batch-2 150 15 to 25 Batch-3 250 23 to 51 Batch-4 150 20to 25 Batch-5 150 20 to 25 Batch-6 150 20 to 25 Batch-7 250 5 to 20Batch-8 250 5 to 20

Method To Measure The Water-Dispersibility of a Multi-phase oral carecomposition

-   1. Allow the multi-phase oral care composition and sterile filtered    water (Calbiochem catalog number 4.86505.1000 from EMD Millipore    Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts) to equilibrate at 23 C +/-2 C    for at least 12 hours.-   2. Record the tare weight of the bottom portion of a petri dish    (VWR, Polystyrene, 100 mm x15 mm, catalog number 25384-342,    purchased from VWR, Batavia, IL).-   3. Weigh 0.30 to 0.35 gram of the multi-phase oral care composition    into the center of the petri dish in one single blob. Record the    initial weight of the sample.-   4. Add 30 ml of sterile filtered water to the petri dish without    disturbing the sample - with a syringe (30 ml BD Syringe with Luer    Lok tip, item number 302832), taking care to go around the edges of    the petri dish and directing the stream away from the sample.-   5. After 10 minutes, decant the contents of the petri dish, dry it    in an oven set at 60 C for at least 60 minutes, allow it to cool,    and record the weight of petri dish + residual sample.-   6. Calculate:    -   Weight of residual sample = (Weight of petri dish + residual        sample from step-5) MINUS (Tare weight of petri dish from        step-2)-   7. Calculate:    -   % Water-dispersibility = 100 MINUS [100x(Weight of residual        sample from step-6) / (Initial weight of sample from step-3)]-   8. Repeat steps-1-7 for a total of at least 3 measurements.    Calculate the average. This is the water-dispersibility of the    multi-phase oral care composition.

To validate the above method, the water-dispersibility of ValidationComposition A made according to the procedure specified herein must bemeasured and demonstrated to be from 60 to 100%.

Method To Measure The Brookfield Viscosity Of A Multi-phase oral carecomposition or Hydrophobic Phase

-   1. Transfer 40 to 50 ml of the multi-phase oral care composition or    hydrophobic phase into a 50 ml polypropylene conical tube (Falcon    brand catalog number REF 352098, Corning Science, Tamaulipas,    Mexico). If the multi-phase oral care composition or hydrophobic    phase exhibits macroscopic separation of one or more components    prior to transferring into the conical tube, mix the multi-phase    oral care composition or hydrophobic phase in a Speedmixer (for    example at 800 RPM for 2 minutes) and transfer into the conical tube    before it exhibits macroscopic separation of one or more components.    If the multi-phase oral care composition or hydrophobic phase has    macroscopic air-bubbles or voids: 1) Tap the conical tube on a hard    surface or mix the conical tube on a vortex mixer (for example    Vortex Genie 2 from Scientific Industries Inc. Bohemia, NY, or Mini    Vortexer from VWR Scientific Products) until it is substantially    free of macroscopic air-bubbles or voids or 2) Use a different    method to transfer the multi-phase oral care composition into the    conical tube such that it is substantially free of macroscopic    air-bubbles or voids.-   2. Allow the multi-phase oral care composition or hydrophobic phase    to equilibrate in the conical tube for at least 12 hours at the    desired temperature (e.g. -7° C., 4° C., 23° C., 25° C., 30° C., 40°    C., 50° C., or 60° C.).-   3. Confirm the viscometer (Brookfield ⅟2RV DVII+Pro Viscometer) is    level, turn it on, and autozero it according to the instruction    manual.-   4. Attach the appropriate spindle (for example Spindle D, E, or F,    depending on the viscosity range of interest) and set the    appropriate speed (for example 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 10, 20,    50 and 100 RPM) for the Brookfield Viscosity anticipated to be    measured.-   5. Place the conical tube under the spindle, lower the spindle until    the t-bar is a few mm above the surface of the multi-phase oral care    composition, and center the conical tube under the spindle.-   6. Turn on the viscometer allow it to spin 3 to 5 rotations to    confirm the spindle spins freely without grazing the walls of the    conical tube. Turn on the helipath stand. When helipath lowers the    t-bar completely under the multi-phase oral care composition or    hydrophobic phase, turn on a timer set to 60 seconds. At 60 seconds    record the Brookfield Viscosity in cPs.-   7. Tap the conical tube on a hard surface or mix the conical tube on    a vortex mixer (for example Vortex Genie 2 from Scientific    Industries Inc. Bohemia, NY, or Mini Vortexer from VWR Scientific    Products) until it is substantially free of macroscopic air-bubbles    or voids, repeat steps-5-6 for a minimum of 3 measurements, with    about 10 minutes between measurements.-   8. Tap the conical tube on a hard surface or mix the conical tube on    a vortex mixer (for example Vortex Genie 2 from Scientific    Industries Inc. Bohemia, NY, or Mini Vortexer from VWR Scientific    Products) until it is substantially free of macroscopic air-bubbles    or voids, and repeat steps 2-7 for a second set of 3 measurments.    Calculate the average of all 6 measurements. This is the Brookfield    Viscosity of the multi-phase oral compositon or hydrophobic phase.

To validate the above method, the Brookfield Viscosity of ValidationComposition A made according to the procedure specified herein must bemeasured at 2.5 RPM with Spindle D at 23° C. and demonstrated to be from15,000 to 45,000 cPs.

Method To Measure The Yield Stress Of A Multi-phase oral carecomposition or Hydrophobic Phase

-   1. Transfer 40 to 50 ml of the multi-phase oral care composition or    hydrophobic phase into a 50 ml polypropylene conical tube (Falcon    brand catalog number REF 352098, Corning Science, Tamaulipas,    Mexico). If the multi-phase oral care composition or hydrophobic    phase exhibits macroscopic separation of one or more components    prior to transferring into the conical tube, mix the multi-phase    oral care composition or hydrophobic phase in a Speedmixer (for    example at 800 RPM for 2 minutes) and transfer into the conical tube    before it exhibits macroscopic separation of one or more components.    If the multi-phase oral care composition or hydrophobic phase has    macroscopic air-bubbles or voids: 1) Tap the conical tube on a hard    surface or mix the conical tube on a vortex mixer (for example    Vortex Genie 2 from Scientific Industries Inc. Bohemia, NY, or Mini    Vortexer from VWR Scientific Products) until it is substantially    free of macroscopic air-bubbles or voids or 2) Use a different    method to transfer the multi-phase oral care composition into the    conical tube such that it is substantially free of macroscopic    air-bubbles or voids.-   2. Allow the multi-phase oral care composition or hydrophobic phase    to equiliberate in the conical tube for at least 12 hours at the    desired temperature (e.g. -7° C., 4° C., 23° C., 25° C., 30° C., 40°    C., 50° C., or 60° C.).-   3. Confirm the rheometer (Brookfield HAYR-1 Rheometer) is level,    turn it on, and autozero it according to the instruction manual.-   4. Attach the appropriate spindle-vane (for example V72, V73, or    V75, depending on the viscosity range of interest) and set to    program for the specific spindle-vane being used. The program    parameters are specified below:

Spindle>> V-72 V-73 V-75 Yield Stress Range(Pa) 4-40 20-200 80-800Immersion Primary Primary Primary Pre-Sheer rpm 0 0 0 Pre-Sheer time 0 00 Zero Speed (rpm) 0.1 0.1 0.1 Wait Time (sec) 30 30 30 Run Speed (rpm)0.1 0.1 0.3

-   5. Place the conical tube under the spindle-vane, and lower the    spindle-vane slowly into the sample, taking care to minimize any    disturbance to the sample this may cause. Continue lowering the    spindle-vane until the top surface of the sample is at the primary    immersion mark (bulge on the shaft) or secondary immersion mark    (notch on the spindle-vane). If the spindle-vane is immersed to the    secondary immersion mark, the value generated by this method will    need to be multiplied by two.-   6. Run the program selected in step-4. Without removing the    spindle-vane run the program a total of 3 times. Record the 3    measurements. If the spindle-vane was immersed to the secondary    immersion mark, multiply each measurement by 2; and if the    spindle-vane was immersed to the primary immersion mark, multiply    each measurement by 1. Record the 3 calculated values.-   7. Tap the conical tube on a hard surface or mix the conical tube on    a vortex mixer (for example Vortex Genie 2 from Scientific    Industries Inc. Bohemia, NY, or Mini Vortexer from VWR Scientific    Products) until it is substantially free of macroscopic air-bubbles    or voids, and repeat steps 2-6 for a second set of 3 values.    Calculate the average of all 6 values. This is the Yield Stress of    the multi-phase oral composition or hydrophobic phase.

To validate the above method, the Yield Stress of Validation CompositionA made according to the procedure specified herein must be measured withspindle-vane V72 immersed to the secondary immersion mark at 23° C. anddemonstrated to be from 5 to 20 Pa. METHOD TO MEASURE THE PERCENTMACROSCOPIC SEPARATION OF ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS OF A MULTI-PHASE ORALCARE COMPOSITION

1. Transfer 50 mL of the multi-phase oral composition into a 50 mlpolypropylene conical tube (Falcon brand catalog number REF 352098,Corning Science, Tamaulipas, Mexico). If the multi-phase oralcomposition exhibits macroscopic separation of one or more componentsprior to transferring into the conical tube, mix the multi-phase oralcomposition in a Speedmixer (in a “Max 300 Long Cup Translucent”, itemnumber 501 218t from Flacktek Inc., Landrum, SC) (for example at 800 RPMfor 2 minutes) and transfer into the conical tube before it exhibitsmacroscopic separation of one or more components. If the multi-phaseoral composition has macroscopic air-bubbles or voids: 1) Tap theconical tube on a hard surface until it is free of macroscopicair-bubbles or voids, or 2) Use a different method to transfer themulti-phase oral composition into the conical tube such that it issubstantially free of macroscopic air-bubbles or voids. Screw the caponto the conical tube. Repeat for a total of three conical tubes.

2. Position all three conical tubes in a vertical orientation (forexample in a test tube rack) with the conical end on the bottom and thecap on top.

3. Allow all three conical tubes to stay undisturbed in the verticalposition in a room or chamber in which the air is maintained at thetemperature (e.g. -7° C., 4° C., 23° C., 25° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C.,or 60° C.) for the period of time after which the macroscopic separationis to be measured.

4. At the end of period of time after which the macroscopic separationis to be measured (for example 1 day, 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month,2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, or 24 months) in thevertical position, measure the volume of material that hasmacroscopically separated on the bottom of the conical tube (aided bythe graduations on the conical tube). If the volume of material that hasmacroscopically separated on the bottom of the conical tube is greaterthan 25 ml, measure the volume of material that has macroscopicallyseparated to the top of the conical tube.

-   Calculate the average volume of material that has macroscopically    separated in all three tubes.-   Assess the tube to tube variability of the volume of material that    has macroscopically separated as follows: The volume of material    that has separated in each and every tube must be within the range    of +/-2.5 ml of the average. If the volume of material that has    separated in any one or more of the tubes is outside the range of    +/-2.5 ml of the average: This is an indication of sample to sample    variability potentially due to macroscopic separation of one or more    components prior to transferring into the conical tubes, and the    method needs to be repeated starting at step-1 to minimize sample to    sample variability.

5. Calculate the percent macroscopic separation as: 100 x (averagevolume of material that has macroscopically separated measured andcalculated in step-4 DIVIDED by 50 ml).

To validate the above method, the percent macroscopic separation of oneor more components of Validation Composition B specified below must bemeasured and demonstrated to be from 6% to 10%.

VALIDATION COMPOSITION B - FOR METHOD TO MEASURE PERCENT MACROSCOPICSEPARATION (Wt %) 35% aqueous solution H₂O₂ ¹ 1.43 Sterile FilteredWater² 4.24 Aerosol OT³ 1.00 Mineral Oil⁴ 93.33 ¹ultra Cosmetic Gradefrom Solvay, Houston, Texas ²Calbiochem catalog number 4.86505.1000 fromEMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts ³Aerosol OT-100 fromCytec Industries, Princeton, NJ ⁴Kaydol grade from Sonneborn LLC,Petrolia, Pennsylvania

PROCEDURE TO MAKE VALIDATION COMPOSITION B - FOR METHOD TO MEASUREPERCENT MACROSCOPIC SEPARATION

Three 50-gram batches of the validation composition are made accordingto the following procedure:

-   a) The Aerosol OT and mineral oil are weighed into a Speedmixer    container (“Max 40 Long Cup Translucent”, item number 501 223Lt from    Flacktek Inc., Landrum, SC). The mixture is heated in a convection    oven at 60 C and swirled to dissolve the Aerosol OT in the mineral    oil.-   b) In a separate plastic container, 42.4 grams of sterile filtered    water and 14.3 grams of 35% aqueous solution of H2O2 are weighed and    swirled to dissolve the H2O2 into the water. This diluted solution    of H2O2 is heated in a convection oven at 60 C for about 10 minutes.    2.84 grams of this diluted solution of H2O2 in water is weighed into    the Speedmixer container.-   c) The contents of the Speedmixer container are mixed at 800 RPM for    5 seconds, 1200 RPM for 5 seconds, and 1950 RPM for 2 minutes. The    walls of the container are then scraped down with a rubber spatula,    and the contents are mixed a second time at 800 RPM for 5 seconds,    1200 RPM for 5 seconds, and 1950 RPM for 2 minutes. The walls of the    container are then scraped down with a rubber spatula, and the    contents are mixed a third time at 800 RPM for 5 seconds, 1200 RPM    for 5 seconds, and 1950 RPM for 2 minutes.

METHOD TO DETERMINE IF A COMPOSITION IS EASY TO MANUALLY DISPENSE FROM ATUBE

1. Select a foil laminate tube with the following dimensions:

-   a. Total length from tip of nozzle to bottom of barrel: About 112 mm-   b. Internal diameter of barrel: About 28 mm-   c. Length of nozzle: About 21 mm-   d. Internal diameter of nozzle: About 9.7 mm for half the length of    the nozzle attached to the barrel, and about 4.2 mm for the other    half the of the nozzle leading to the exit orifice of the nozzle.

2. Fill from about 35 to about 40 grams of the composition through thebottom of the barrel into the tube from step-1. Seal the bottom of thebarrel using an ultrasonic sealer.

3. Allow the tube to stay undisturbed in a room or chamber in which theair is maintained at the temperature (e.g. -7° C., 4° C., 23° C., 25°C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., or 60° C.) for the period of time afterwhich the ease of dispensing is to be measured.

4. Allow the tube to equilibrate at about 23° C. for at least a day.

5. Pick up the tube between the thumb and fingers of one hand. Whileholding the tube in the air, squeeze the tube firmly between the thumband fingers for about 10 seconds. Measure the length of the bead of thecomposition dispensed out of the nozzle of the tube.

6. The composition is considered easy to dispense manually from a tubeafter the specified period of time at the specified temperature if atleast 1 inch of product is dispensed in step-5.

METHOD TO MEASURE THE L^(∗) — A^(∗) — B^(∗) OF A SUBSTANCE ORCOMPOSITION

1. The substance or composition is loaded into a clear disposablepetri-dish (60 mm diameter x 15 mm high, made from virgin crystal gradepolystyrene, VWR catalog number 25384-092, purchased from VWR, Batavia,IL). Tap the petri-dish on a hard surface until it is substantially freeof macroscopic air-bubbles or voids. The amount loaded needs to beenough to establish a circular area of contact that is at least about 45mm in diameter on the bottom of the petri-dish and at least about 10 mmdeep.

2. The L^(∗) (brightness), a^(∗) (red-green balance), and b^(∗)(yellow-blue balance) of the substance or composition is measured usinga hand-held spectrophotometer Konica Minolta 700d. The spectrophotometeris used with an aperture of about 6.3 mm diameter, the observer angle isset at 2 degrees, the illuminant is set at daylight color temperature of5003 K, and specular reflection is excluded. The spectrophotometer ispositioned such that the aperture is pointing upward, and the digitalread-out is on the counter. The loaded petri-dish is now carefullycentered and placed on the aperture so that it completely covers theaperture. The L^(∗), a^(∗), and b^(∗) are then measured with thespectrophotometer. Record these values.

3. Repeat step-2 for a total of three measurements. Calculate theaverage of the three measurements - this is the L^(∗), a^(∗), and b^(∗)of the substance or composition.

METHOD TO MEASURE ACTIVE RELEASE RATE FROM COMPOSITIONS

The Active Release Rate Method employs a dialysis cell containing amembrane on which composition is applied and through which the activediffuses depending on the rate of its release from the composition. Thedialysis cell serves as a proxy for a tooth and this method can be usedto measure the release of any water soluble active for example hydrogenperoxide or fluoride.

A 15 mL dialysis cell (2 K MWCO, Slide-A-Lyzer G2 Dialysis Cassette) isfilled with WFI MilliQ Water (16 grams) and the cap affixed. To one sideof the cassette a test product is applied covering the entire cellmembrane surface at a depth defined by the cell plastic housing byleveling the applied product with a spatula. A piece of parafilm isapplied over the product composition to protect it during cassettemixing during sampling. The cell is placed either vertically orhorizontally product facing down on a tared balanced. A timer is startedpost product application and samples of the WFI MilliQ water within thecassette are taken at the defined time points and assayed for mg/L orppm of active. The results are presented as: 1) A chart of the mg/L orppm of active released Vs. time - this is the “Active Release RateProfile”, and 2) The mg/L or ppm active released after 60 and 120seconds are also reported - this is the “mg/L or ppm Active Released in60 and 120 Seconds”.

At each defined sample point, the cell is taken and inverted 180 degreestwice, the lid removed and a sample (0.3 - 0.50 g) pulled via a pipet.Following sampling, the dialysis cell is returned to the balance untilthe next sample is required. Each sample is assayed for active using anysuitable assay procedure. The procedure to assay for peroxide in mg/Lperoxide is outlined below.

Procedure to Assay Contents of Dialysis Cell for Peroxide

A Reflectoquant RQ Flex peroxide test strip reader (Millipore Sigma) iscalibrated using both 0.2 - 0.20 mg/L (604) and 100 - 1000 mg/L (609)test strips (Supelco) with peroxide standard solutions as follows:

0.2 - 20.0 mg/L strips:

-   1. 5 grams of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide is diluted to 500 grams total    with WFI MilliQ water.-   2. 1 gram from (1) is diluted to 500 grams total weight using WFI    MilliQ water-   3. 2 drops from (2) are applied to a 0.2 - 20.0 mg/L test strip for    5 seconds and the excess solution dabbed on a paper towel.-   4. The test strip is inserted into a RQ Flex 10 with the 0.2 - 20.0    mg/L test strip program loaded and the measurement recorded. Note    total strip development and program is 15 seconds in duration.-   5. 2 grams from solution (1) are diluted to 500 grams with WFI    MilliQ water and steps (3) and (4) are repeated.

100 - 1000 mg/L strips:

-   1. 0.5 grams of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide is diluted to 500 grams total    with USP water.-   2. 2 drops from (1) are applied to a 0.2 - 20.0 mg/L test strip for    10 seconds and the excess solution dabbed on a paper towel. The    strip is developed by sitting for an additional 50 seconds.-   3. The test strip is inserted into a RQ Flex 10 with 10 seconds    remaining on the 100 - 1000 mg/L test strip program and the    measurement recorded. Note total strip development and program is    approximately 60 seconds in duration for this test strip.-   4. 1 gram of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide is diluted to 500 grams total    with WFI MilliQ water-   5. The test strip is inserted into a RQ Flex 10 with the 100 - 1000    mg/L test strip program loaded and the measurement recorded.

Peroxide Sample Analysis

1. 2 drops from a given test sample time point are applied to a either a0.2 - 20.0 mg/L or 100 -1000 mg/L test strip following the developmenttime period and analysis steps defined above (a3-a4 & b2-b3).

2. The diffused peroxide concentration defines the appropriate strip touse. If concentrations exceed the respective strip concentration ranges,serial dilutions are performed to bring the concentration into range.

Procedure to Assay Contents of Dialysis Cell for Fluoride

1. A Fluoride ion selective electrode was calibrated with 5 ppm, 50 ppm,and 500 ppm Sodium Fluoride standards prepared in 50% water and 50%TSIABII with CDTA Buffer.

2. Samples (~0.5 g) were pulled from the dialysis cell at the definedtimepoints and diluted with 50% TSIABII with CDTA Buffer

3. The Fluoride ion selective probe was inserted into each definedsample and the reading (mg/L) was recorded.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, whichare not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations to the scopeof this invention. Various other aspects, modifications, and equivalentsthereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggestthemselves to one of ordinary skill in the art without departing fromthe spirit of the present invention or the scope of the appended claims.

Examples I

TABLE 1 Example I-A and Example I-B Weight% A B Mineral Oil¹ 81.35781.3570 35% aqueous solution of H₂O₂ ² 8.571 17.1410 Purified Water, USP8.571 - Sucralose³ 0.100 0.1000 PEG-20 Sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20)⁴1.000 1.0000 Peppermint⁵ 0.400 0.4000 Yield Stress (Pa) 14.75 64.67Appearance Opaque - Color White - Consistency Lotion-like - Dv 50 9.873.39 D[4,3] 11.6 - [3,2] 11.0 - (microns) mean equivalent-diameter ofregions or droplets of the hydrophobic phase measured according to themethod specified herein (average of 10 x 1 measurements) ¹Drakeol 35,USP grade from Calumet, Indianapolis, IN ²Ultra cosmetic grade 35% fromSolvay, Houston, TX diluted down to 17.5% ³Sucralose Micronized PowderUSP/NF/FCC grade from Newtrend Technology Co. Ltd. Jiangxi, China⁴Tween20-LQ-(AP) from Croda Inc. Edison, NJ ⁵Peppermint flavorTAK-121065 from Takasago International Corporation, Rockleigh, NJ

TABLE 1 shows the formulation for Example A-1 and Example A-2 (sameingredients processed differently), both of which are jammedoil-in-water emulsions. Example I-A (350 kilograms) was produced bycombining polysorbate 20, water, sucralose and the aqueous solution ofH₂O₂ in a 20-gallon premix tank. The premix mixture was transferred toa400 L vessel and agitated (35 RPM) while mineral oil was slowly addedover 12 minutes. A jammed oil-in-water emulsion was formed during thisstep. Flavor was added and the batch homogenized at 1000 RPM for seventurnovers, and 2000 rpm for one turnover. This was Example I-A.

Example I-B (350 kilograms) was produced by combining polysorbate 20,water, sucralose and the aqueous solution of H₂O₂ in a 20-gallon premixtank. The premix mixture was transferred to a 400 L vessel and agitated(35 RPM) while mineral oil was slowly added over 27 minutes. A jammedoil-in-water emulsion was formed during this step. Flavor was added andthe batch homogenized at 2000 rpm for three turnovers, 3000 RPM forthree turnovers, and 3900 RPM for three turnovers. This was Example I-B.

These data show that, surprisingly, shearing the composition at a highrate of shear using homogenizer energy and time thickened thecomposition, as evidenced by the 500% increase in its yield stress forthe same ingredients.

COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION I-A, COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION I-B, ANDCOMPARATIVE COMPOSITION I-C

TABLE 2 Comparative Composition I-A, Comparative Composition I-B, andComparative Composition I-C Comparative Composition Ingredients Numberof Ingredients Comparative Composition I-A Colgate Optic White RenewalToothpaste (3% H₂O₂) Propylene Glycol, Calcium Pyrophosphate, PVP,PEG/PPG-116/66 Copolymer, Hydrogen Peroxide, Flavor, Sodium LaurylSulfate, Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate, MFP, Sodium Saccharin, DisodiumPyrophosphate, Silica, Sucralose, BHT 14 Comparative Composition I-BColgate Optic White Overnight Pen (4% H₂O₂) Alcohol,Acrylates/Octylacrylamide Copolymer, Water, Hydrogen Peroxide -Comparative Composition I-C Sensodyne Pronamel (1100 ppm Fluoride)Water, Sorbitol, Hydrated Silica, Glycerin, Potassium Nitrate, PEG-8,Cocoamidopropyl betaine, Sodium Fluoride, Flavor, Titanium dioxide,xanthan gum, sodium saccharin, sodium hydroxide 13 ComparativeComposition I-D Paradontax (1100 ppm Fluoride) Glycerin, PEG-8, HydratedSilica, Pentasodium triphosphate, flavor, Stannous fluoride, Sodiumlauryl sulfate, Titanium dioxide, Polyacrylic acid, Cocoamidopropylbetaine, sodium saccharin 11

The peroxide (active) release rate was determined according to themethod specified herein for four compositions: 1) Example I-A, 2)Example I-B, 3) Comparative Composition I-A, 4) Comparative CompositionI-B. Example I-A and Example I-B are inventive compositions. ComparativeComposition I-A and Comparative Composition I-B are commercial productsmarketed by the Colgate-Palmolive Company. Comparative Composition I-Ais Colgate Optic White Renewal Toothpaste, which is marketed to includehydrogen peroxide at 3% wt%. Comparative Composition I-B is ColgateOptic White Overnight, which is also marketed to include hydrogenperoxide at 4 wt%. The Peroxide Release Rate Profiles [mg/L peroxidereleased over time] of these four compositions are shown in FIG. 1 .Surprisingly, both the inventive compositions (Example I-A and ExampleI-B) have a much higher peroxide release rate profile Vs. ComparativeComposition I-A and Comparative Composition I-B. The mg/L peroxidereleased in 60 and 120 Seconds by these four compositions are presentedin TABLE 3. While the recommended brushing time by the American DentalAssociation is 120 seconds, many people brush for 60 seconds or less.Surprisingly, both the inventive compositions (Example I-A and ExampleI-B) released a much higher amount of peroxide in both 60 and 120seconds Vs. Comparative Composition I-A and Comparative Composition I-B.It is worth noting that the inventive compositions (Example I-A andExample I-B) released about 300% more mg/L peroxide after 60 seconds and120 seconds Vs. Comparative Composition I-B even though the inventivecompositions had 25% less peroxide (4% Vs. 3% peroxide).

TABLE 3 mg/L Peroxide Released In 60 and 120 Seconds Example I-A (JammedOil-in-Water Emulsion Toothpaste) Example I-B (Jammed Oil-in-WaterEmulsion Toothpaste) Comparative Composition I-A (TraditionalToothpaste) Comparative Composition I-B (Traditional Toothpaste) mg/Lperoxide released in 60 seconds measured according to the methodspecified herein 390 332 0 0 mg/L peroxide released in 120 secondsmeasured according to the method specified herein 717 627 0 2

Examples II

TABLE 4 Example II-A, Example II-B, Example II-C, Example II-D, ExampleII-E, Example II-F, Example II-G, Example II-H, Example II-I Weight % AB C D E F G H I 35% aqueous solution of H₂O₂ ¹ 8.5147 8.5147 8.51478.5147 8.5147 8.5147 8.5147 8.5147 8.5147 PEG-20 Sorbitan monolaurat e(Tween 20)² 1.0000 1.0000 3.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.00001.0000 Mineral oil³ 2.0000 (premix) + 86.385 3 (mainbatch) - - - - - - - - Mineral oil⁴ - 2.0000 (premix) + 86.385 3 (mainbatch) - - - - - - - Mineral oil⁵ - - 2.0000 (pre-mix) + 2.0000(premix) + 2.0000 (premix) + 2.0000 (premix) + 2.0000 (premix) + 2.0000(premix) + 2.0000 (premix) + 84.3853 (main batch) 86.385 3 (main batch)86.142 3 (main batch) 84.385 3 (main batch) 84.385 3 (main batch) 82.1423 (main batch) 86.263 8 (main batch) Sucralose⁶ 0.1000 0.1000 0.10000.1000 0.1000 0.1000 0.1000 0.1000 0.1000 Flavor Menthol⁷ 1.0000 1.00001.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 Peppermint⁸ 1.00001.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 Sodiumfluoride⁹ - - - - 0.2430 - - 0.2430 0.1215 Sodium laurylsulfate¹⁰ - - - - - 2.0000 - 2.0000 - Calcium pyrophosp hate¹¹ - - - - - - 2.0000 2.0000 - % H2O2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ppmFluoride - - - - 1100 - - 1100 550 Free of opacifier? YES YES YES YESYES YES No No Yes Number of ingredients ¹² 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 9 7 YieldStress measured according to the method 168 205 > Measure ment limit of800 178 156 596 190 191 148 specified herein (Pa) Appearanc e Opaqu eOpaqu e Opaque Opaqu e Opaqu e Opaqu e Opaqu e Opaqu e Opaqu e ColorWhite White White White White White White White White Consistenc y Semisolid Semis olid Semisoli d Semis olid Semis olid Semis olid Semis olidSemis olid Semis olid L* 63.51 80.66 66.21 a* -3.10 -0.39 -3.89 b* ofthe compositio n measured according to the method specified herein - --9.71 -1.25 - -9.69 - - - Dv 50 0.56 2.36 0.44 D[4,3] 0.58 2.42 0.45[3,2] (microns) mean equivalent-diameter of regions or droplets of thehydrophobi c phase - - 0.51 1.97 - 0.40 - - - measured according to themethod specified herein ¹Ultra cosmetic grade 35% from Solvay, Houston,TX ²Tween20-LQ-(AP) from Croda Inc. Edison, NJ ³Hydrobrite HV grade fromSonneborn LLC., Parsippany, NJ ⁴Drakeol 35, USP grade from Calumet,Indianapolis, IN ⁵Hydrobrite 1000 grade from Sonneborn LLC., Parsippany,NJ ⁶Sucralose Micronized Powder USP/NF/FCC grade from NewtrendTechnology Co. Ltd. Jiangxi, China ⁷Menthol USP grade from Boody MentholInternational Inc., Paramus, NJ ⁸Peppermint flavor TAK-121065 fromTakasago International Corporation, Rockleigh, NJ ⁹Sodium Fluoride USPfrom Sunlit Fluo Chemical, Taiwan, R.O.C. ¹⁰Sodium lauryl sulfate,Stepanol WA-100 NF/USP grade from Stepan Company, Northfield, IL¹¹Calcium pyrophosphate, Prayphos SCPP 0000 Dental grade from Prayon,Augusta, GA ¹²This counts flavor as one ingredient comprising a mixtureof peppermint and menthol, and counts 35% aqueous solution of H2O2 astwo ingredients comprising water and H2O2. 700-gram batches of ExampleII-A, Example II-B, Example II-C, Example II-D, Example II-E, ExampleII-F, and Example II-I were made according to the following procedure:

-   1. The Peppermint, Mineral Oil for Pre-mix, and Menthol were weighed    into a Speedmixer container (“Max 40 Long Cup Translucent”, item    number 501 223Lt from Flacktek Inc., Landrum, SC), heated in a    convection oven set at 33 C to 35 C for about 30 to 60 minutes, and    Speedmixed at 800 RPM for 2 minutes and visually checked to make    sure the Menthol was dissolved.-   2. The Sucralose, Tween 20, and Aqueous solution of H2O2 were    weighed (along with Sodium lauryl sulfate, and Sodium fluoride if    listed above) into a Speedmixer container (Max 200 Long Cup    Translucent item number 501 220t from Flacktek Inc., Landrum, SC)    and mixed in Speedmixer at 800 RPM for 2 minutes and visually    checked to make sure all the ingredients were dissolved. The    contents of this Speedmixer container were then transferred into a    High Shear Mixer (KFP0711 Food Processor from KitchenAid, Benton    Harbor, MI).-   3. The Mineral Oil for Main Batch was weighed into a separate    container and slowly added over 3 to 5 minutes into the High Shear    Mixer while it was running at LOW-speed setting.-   4. The Pre-mix (of Peppermint, Mineral Oil for Pre-mix, and Menthol)    from step-1 was added into the High Shear Mixer while it was running    at LOW-speed setting.-   5. The contents of the High Shear Mixer were mixed at HIGH-speed    setting for about 5 minutes. The High Shear Mixer was stopped,    opened and allowed to cool for about 5 minutes. The contents of the    High Shear Mixer were again mixed at HIGH-speed setting for about 5    minutes. The above procedure resulted in jammed oil-in-water    emulsion.

500-gram batches of Example II-G and Example II-H were made according tothe following procedure:

-   A. A 700-gram base-batch was prepared using the above steps 1 to 5.-   B. 10 grams of Calcium pyrophosphate was weighed into a separate    Speedmixer container (Max 300 X Long Cup Translucent item number 501    217t, from Flacktek Inc., Landrum, SC), 490 grams of the base-batch    from step-A was transferred into this Speedmixer container, and the    contents of this Speedmixer container were mixed at 800 RPM for 2    minutes.

The above procedure resulted in jammed oil-in-water emulsion comprisingCalcium pyrophosphate.

TABLE 4 shows that:

-   1. Surprisingly, Examples II-A, II-B, II-C, II-D, II-E, II-F, and    II-I have a yield stress much greater than 20 Pa even though they do    not contain polymeric binders, polymeric rheology modifiers, or    particulate thickeners such as silica.-   2. Surprisingly, Examples II-A, II-B, II-C, II-D, II-E, II-F, and    II-I are opaque even though they do not contain an opacifier.-   3. Surprisingly, while the L* of all the Examples whose L* was    measured (Examples II-C, II-D, and II-F) have a L* value greater    than 20, only Example II-D has a L* greater than 70 - even though it    does not have any added opacifiers or brighteners.-   4. Surprisingly, while the D[4,3] of all the Examples whose D[4,3]    was measured (Examples II-C, II-D, and II-F) have a D[4,3] greater    than 0.4 micron, only Example II-D has a D[4.3] greater than 0.7    micron.-   5. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that:    -   a. The higher L* of Example II-D (80.66 units) may be due to the        larger droplet size D[4,3] (2.42 microns, which is much larger        than the longest wavelength of visible light which is about 0.7        microns).    -   b. The lower L* of Example II-C and II-F (63.51 units and 66.21        units) may be due to the smaller droplet size D[4,3] (0.58        microns and 0.45 microns, which are both smaller than the        longest wavelength of visible light which is about 0.7 microns.-   6. Despite the droplet size D[4,3] of Example II-C (0.58 microns)    and II-F (0.45 microns) being smaller than the longest wavelength of    visible light, both Examples II-C and II-F are opaque. Without    wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that this may due to    the fact that their D[4,3] is still larger than the shortest    wavelength of visible light which is about 0.4 micron.-   7. It is also worth noting that Examples II-C and II-F have a yield    stress substantially higher than the rest, and specifically higher    than Example II-D (> 800 Pa and 596 Pa Vs. a maximum of 205 Pa for    the rest, and 178 Pa for Example II-D). Without wishing to be bound    by theory, it is believed that this may due to the fact that the    droplet size D[4,3] of Examples II-C and II-F are lower than that of    II-D (0.58 micron and 0.45 micron Vs. 2.42 micron).-   8. It is worth noting that the brochure titled “Manufacture of    Toothpastes” (Issue No. 14TA4, Silverson Machines, East Longmeadow,    MA) teaches that “Toothpastes are generally either white abrasive    pastes or clear gels. Although the formulations differ, they share    many common ingredients; these may vary from country to country    according to legislation on use of ingredients, etc. Typical    ingredients and their function are shown in TABLE 5.

TABLE 5 Typical toothpaste ingredients Ingredient type Typical %Function Liquid Base White -30 Gel - Up to 80 Polyols, most commonlysorbitol (glycerin is also used) act as a humectant, preventing theproduct from drying out and preserving the texture and flavor. Polyolsolutions can contain up to 30% water; additional water (10-25%)completes the liquid base. Fillers and Abrasives White -20-50 Gel -15-25 Various ingredients provide the polishing action in whitetoothpastes; these include calcium carbonate, hydrated silica, sodiumbicarbonate, dicalcium phosphate and sodium metaphosphate. In clear geltype products, hydratedsilica is used to provide polishing and “body.”Rheology Modifiers 0.5-2 Used to obtain several properties: thetoothpaste must flow easily but not toorapidly from the tube; it must“break” easily without being “stringy”; it must siton the toothbrushwithout sinking in; these ingredients are also used to keepfillers/abrasives in suspension. Various ingredients are used, includingCMC, carrageenan, xanthan gum and cellulose gum. Detergent 0.5-2.5 Addedto make the product foam when brushing. This helps dispersion andretention of the product in the mouth. SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate) ismost commonly used. Active Ingredient 0.3 Fluoride can be added to helpprevent tooth decay. Sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate andstannous fluoride are used, subject to legislation, etc. Flavor 0.5-2Flavoring is added to disguise the unpleasant taste of the detergent. Italso provides “freshness.” Typically mint (and sometimes menthol andcinnamon)flavoring oils are used. Sweetener 0.2 Sweeteners includesodium saccharinate. Coloring 0.1 Titanium dioxide can be added to whitetoothpaste as a coloring; gel toothpastes may be manufactured in anumber of colors using food gradeproducts. Preservative 0.2 Sodiumbenzoate, ethyl paraben, methyl paraben.

Surprisingly, in contrast to the above teaching from Silverson, ExamplesII-A to II-I are toothpaste compositions containing very few and verysimple ingredients (with just 6 to 9 ingredients) - see TABLE 4 aboveand TABLE 6 below.

TABLE 6 Example II-A II-B II-C II-D II-E II-F II-G II-H II-I Free ofLiquid Base? No No No No No No No No No Free of Fillers and Abrasives?YES YES YES YES YES YES No No YES Free of Rheology Modifiers such asgums? YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Free of Detergents such asSLS? YES YES YES YES YES No YES No YES Free of Active Ingredients suchas Fluoride? YES YES YES YES No YES YES No No Free of Flavor? No No NoNo No No No No No Free of Sweetener? No No No No No No No No No Free ofColoring? YES YES YES YES YES YES No No YES Free of Preservatives suchas parabens? YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES

The Fluoride (active) release rate was determined according to themethod specified herein for four compositions: 1) Example II-E, 2)Example II-I, 3) Comparative Composition I-C (Sensodyne Pronamel, 1100ppm fluoride) and 4) Comparative Composition I-D (Paradontax, 1100 ppmfluoride). Example II-E and Example II-I are inventive compositionscontaining 1100 ppm and 550 ppm Fluoride respectively. The FluorideRelease Rate Profiles [ppm Fluoride released over time] of these fourcompositions are shown in FIG. 5 . FIG. 5 shows that both the inventivecompositions (Example II-E and Example II-I) have a much higher Fluoriderelease rate profile Vs. Comparative Composition I-D. The ppm Fluoridereleased in 60 and 120 Seconds by these four compositions areadditionally presented in TABLE 7.

TABLE 7 ppm Fluoride Released In 60 and 120 Seconds Example II-E (JammedOil-in-Water Emulsion Toothpaste) 1100 ppm F Example II-I (JammedOil-in-Water Emulsion Toothpaste) 550 ppm F Comparative Composition I-C(Traditional Toothpaste) 1100 ppm F Comparative Composition I-D(Traditional Toothpaste) 1100 ppm ppm Fluoride released in 60 secondsmeasured according to the method specified herein 12.0 4.7 4.9 1.5 ppmFluoride released in 120 seconds measured according to the methodspecified herein 14.4 6.0 6.6 2.2

TABLE 7 shows that surprisingly in 60 seconds:

-   a) Example II-E released a much higher amount (over 300%) of    Fluoride Vs. Comparative Composition I-C and Comparative Composition    I-D (12 ppm Vs. 4.9 ppm and 1.5 ppm)-   b) Example II-I released almost the same amount of Fluoride as    Comparative Composition I-C (4.7 ppm Vs. 4.9 ppm) even though it was    formulated with half the Fluoride (550 ppm II-I vs 1100 ppm)-   c) Example II-E released a much higher amount (over 300%) of    Fluoride Vs. Comparative Composition I-D (4.7 ppm Vs. 1.5 ppm) even    though it was formulated with half the amount of Fluoride (550 ppm    Vs. 1100 ppm)

Similar results are observed after 120 seconds.

These results clearly demonstrate that a 550 ppm composition of thepresent invention (Example II-I) performs like a 1100 ppm traditionaltoothpaste (Comparative Composition II-C) or better than a 1100 ppmtraditional toothpaste (Comparative Composition II-D).

Example III

TABLE 8 Example III Weight% A 35% aqueous solution of H₂O₂ ¹ 8.5714PEG-20 Sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20)² 1.0000 Fractionated coconut oil³90.4286 Appearance Opaque Color White Consistency Lotion-like ¹Ultracosmetic grade 35% from Solvay, Houston, TX ²Tween20-LQ-(AP) from CrodaInc. Edison, NJ ³Fractionated Coconut Oil (or MCT - Medium ChainTriglycerides), Supplier website bulkapothecary.com (Aug. 8, 2021)states it to be “Nearly clear. Typically, colorless to light yellow”,“MCT can also be derived from Palm Oil through the esterificationprocess.”, “Also known as MCT Oil or Medium Chain Triglycerides is afraction of the whole coconut oil.”, and “...fractionated coconut oilhas the long chain triglycerides like lauric acid removed retaining thecapric and caprylic acids.”; Item number J-007-bna-123 from BulkApothecary, Aurora, OH.

A 100-gram batch of Example III-A was made according to the followingprocedure:

-   4. The Tween 20, and aqueous solution of H₂O₂ were weighed into a    Speedmixer container (“Max 200 Long Cup Translucent”, item number    501 220t from Flacktek, Landrum, SC) and mixed by manually swirling    the container until dissolved.-   5. The oil was added in portions starting at about 2 g first, about    3 g next, and about 5 g thereafter and mixed at 800RPM for 2 minutes    between portions in a Speedmixer. An oil-in-water emulsion formed    during this step, and the composition developed a lotion-like    semisolid consistency.-   6. Once all the oil was added, the contents of the Speedmixer    container were mixed 3 times at 800 RPM for 2 minutes each time in a    Speedmixer.

TABLE 9 Yield Stress of Hydrophobic Phase (without flavor) and AqueousPhase (without sweetener) of Example II-B Yield Stress (Pa) HydrophobicPhase (Mineral Oil)¹ < Detection Limit of 4 Aqueous Phase (Plus H₂O₂ andTween 20)² < Detection Limit of 4 ¹Kaydol grade from Sonneborn LLC.,Parsippany, NJ ²Ultra cosmetic grade 35% from Solvay, Houston, TX(8.5714 parts) + Tween20-LQ-(AP) from Croda Inc. Edison, NJ (1.0000part)

TABLE 10 Appearance, Color, Consistency, and L*, a*, b* of HydrophobicPhase (without flavors) and Aqueous Phase (without sweetener) of ExampleII-D Hydrophobic Phase (Mineral Oil)¹ Aqueous Phase (Plus H₂O₂ and Tween20)² Appearance Clear Translucent Color Colorless Pale yellowConsistency Free flowing liquid Free flowing liquid L* 1.24 0.93 a*-0.04 -0.24 b* -0.54 -0.73 measured according to the method specifiedherein ¹Hydrobrite 1000 grade from Sonneborn LLC., Parsippany, NJ ²Ultracosmetic grade 35% from Solvay, Houston, TX (8.5147 parts) +Tween20-LQ-(AP) from Croda Inc. Edison, NJ (1.0000 part)

TABLE 10 compared with TABLE 4 shows that Hydrophobic Phase and AqueousPhase are not opaque, but surprisingly, when they are combined, as inExample II-D the final composition is opaque even though it does notcontain an opacifier. TABLE 9 compared with TABLE 4 also shows thatHydrophobic Phase and Aqueous Phase have a L* much less than 25, butsurprisingly, when they are combined as in Example II-D, the finalcomposition has a L* greater than 25 even though it does not contain anopacifier. It is worth noting that the L* of the final composition ofExample II-D has a L* value 6500% more than the L* of the HydrophobicPhase and 8700% more than the L* of the Aqueous Phase (80.66 Vs. 1.24and 0.93) even though it does not have an opacifier.

FIG. 3 shows that Hydrophobic Phase and Aqueous Phase are not opaque,but surprisingly, when they are combined as in Examples II-C, II-D, andII-F the final compositions are opaque even though these Examples do notcontain an opacifier. FIG. 3 also shows that Example II-D is brighterthan Examples II-C and II-F.

FIGS. 4A-D shows a nurdle of Examples II-C, II-D, II-F, and II-Gdispensed onto a toothbrush. FIGS. 4A-D shows that these Examplecompositions have a yield stress that allows them to stand-up on thebristles without sinking into the bristles or flow down the sides of thebristles - surprisingly even though they do not contain polymericbinders, polymeric rheology modifiers, or particulate thickeners such assilica. FIGS. 4A-D also shows that Examples II-C, II-D, and II-F aresurprisingly opaque even though they do not contain an opacifier.

FIG. 5 shows a nurdle of Example I-A dispensed onto a toothbrush. FIG. 5shows that this Example, in contrast to the Examples in FIG. 4 , doesnot have a yield stress that allows it to stand-up on the bristles.

FIGS. 6A-D shows microscopic images of jammed emulsions of Example I-A,II-C, II-D, and II-F with varying droplet sizes of the hydrophobicphase.

The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood asbeing strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead,unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean boththe recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding thatvalue. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean“about 40 mm.”

Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or relatedpatent or application and any patent application or patent to which thisapplication claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded orotherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission thatit is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimedherein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other referenceor references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention.Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in thisdocument conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in adocument incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assignedto that term in this document shall govern.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have beenillustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in theart that various other changes and modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is thereforeintended to cover in the appended claims all such changes andmodifications that are within the scope of this invention.

1. An opaque jammed oil-in-water toothpaste composition comprising: (a)aqueous phase; (b) hydrophobic phase; and (c) emulsifier.
 2. Thetoothpaste composition of claim 1, wherein the toothpaste compositioncomprises less than about 0.01%, by weight of the toothpastecomposition, of opacifier.
 3. The toothpaste composition of claim 1,wherein the toothpaste is substantially free of opacifier.
 4. Thetoothpaste composition of claim 3, wherein the opacifier comprisestitanium dioxide, zinc oxide, calcium salt, pyrophosphate, bismuthoxychloride, or combinations thereof.
 5. The toothpaste composition ofclaim 1, wherein the toothpaste reflects visible light.
 6. Thetoothpaste composition of claim 5, wherein the visible light compriseslight with a wavelength of from about 0.4 microns to about 0.7 microns.7. The toothpaste composition of claim 1, wherein the emulsifiercomprises nonionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant,zwitterionic surfactant, amphoteric surfactant, polymeric surfactant,synthetic surfactant, or combinations thereof.
 8. The toothpastecomposition of claim 7, wherein the emulsifier is substantially free ofsulfate.
 9. The toothpaste composition of claim 8, wherein theemulsifier is substantially free of sodium lauryl sulfate.
 10. Thetoothpaste composition of claim 7, wherein the emulsifier comprisespolysorbate, alkyl sulfate, betaine, or combinations thereof.
 11. Thetoothpaste composition of claim 1, wherein the toothpaste compositioncomprises oral care active agent.
 12. The toothpaste composition ofclaim 11, wherein the oral care active agent comprises whitening agent,anticaries agent, antibacterial agent, antisensitivity compound, aminoacid, peptide, retinoid compound, or combinations thereof.
 13. Thetoothpaste composition of claim 12, wherein the whitening agentcomprises peroxide.
 14. The toothpaste composition of claim 13, whereinthe peroxide comprises hydrogen peroxide, urea peroxide,polyvinylpyrrolidone peroxide complex, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidoneperoxide complex, or combinations thereof.
 15. The toothpastecomposition of claim 12, wherein the anticaries agent comprises hops,fluoride, or combinations thereof.
 16. The toothpaste composition ofclaim 15, wherein the fluoride comprises sodium fluoride, aminefluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, stannous fluoride, or combinationsthereof.
 17. The toothpaste composition of claim 12, wherein theantibacterial agent comprises hops, metal, or combinations thereof. 18.The toothpaste composition of claim 17, wherein the metal compriseszinc, tin, copper, or combinations thereof.
 19. The toothpastecomposition of claim 18, wherein the zinc comprises zinc phosphate, zincoxide, zinc citrate, zinc lactate, zinc chloride, or combinationsthereof.
 20. The toothpaste composition of claim 18, wherein the tincomprises stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, or combinations thereof.21. The toothpaste composition of claim 12, wherein the amino acidcomprises arginine, histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, selenocysteine,glycine, proline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, citrulline, ornithine, creatine,diaminobutanoic acid, diaminoproprionic acid, salts thereof, orcombinations thereof.
 22. The toothpaste composition of claim 12,wherein the antisensitivity agent comprises potassium nitrate, tin,dicarboxylic acid, or combinations thereof.
 23. The toothpastecomposition of claim 22, wherein the dicarboxylic acid comprises oxalicacid, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
 24. The toothpastecomposition of claim 12, wherein the retinoid compound comprisesretinol.
 25. The toothpaste composition of claim 1, wherein thetoothpaste composition comprises abrasive.
 26. The toothpastecomposition of claim 25, wherein the abrasive comprises silica abrasive,calcium abrasive, alumina abrasive, or combinations thereof.
 27. Thetoothpaste composition of claim 25, wherein the calcium abrasivecomprises calcium carbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium phosphate,or combinations thereof.
 28. The toothpaste composition of claim 1,wherein the toothpaste composition is substantially free of abrasive.29. The toothpaste composition of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic phasehas a D[4,3] equivalent-diameter of droplets of from about 0.001 toabout 1000 microns.
 30. The toothpaste composition of claim 28, whereinthe D[4,3] equivalent-diameter of droplets of hydrophobic phase is fromabout 0.01 to about 100 microns.
 31. The toothpaste composition of claim1, wherein the hydrophobic phase comprises edible oil, natural oil, orsynthetic oil.
 32. The toothpaste composition of claim 30, wherein thehydrophobic phase comprises mineral oil, petrolatum, coconut oil, palmoil, fractionated coconut oil, fractionated palm oil, triglycerides ofsaturated medium chain fatty acids, or combinations thereof.